1. Rideout, V., and Robb, M. B. (2019). The Common Sense census: Media use by tweens and teens, 2019. San Francisco, CA: Common Sense Media, https://www.commonsensemedia.org/research/the-common-sense-census-media-use-by-tweens-and-teens-2019 (accessed March 24, 2020).
2. Federal Trade Commission, “Google and YouTube Will Pay Record $170 Million for Alleged Violations of Children’s Privacy Law,” September 4, 2019. https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2019/09/google-youtube-will-pay-record-170-million-alleged-violations (accessed March 24, 2020).
3. American Civil Liberties Union, “Court Orders Missouri School District to Stop Censoring LGBT Websites,” February 15, 2012. https://www.aclu.org/press-releases/court-orders-missouri-school-district-stop-censoring-lgbt-websites (accessed March 24, 2020).
4. Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union, 521 U.S. 844 (1997).
5. Jacobellis v. Ohio, 378 U.S. 184 (1964).
6. Miller v. California, 413 U.S. 15 (1973).
7. United States Code, Title 15, sec. 6501–6506.
8. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 16, sec. 312.2.
9. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 16, sec. 312.8.
10. Federal Trade Commission, “Children’s Online Privacy Protection Rule: A Six-Step Compliance Plan for Your Business,” June 2017. https://www.ftc.gov/tips-advice/business-center/guidance/childrens-online-privacy-protection-rule-six-step-compliance (accessed March 24, 2020).
11. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 26, sec. 312.3.
12. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 26, sec. 312.4.
13. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 26, sec. 312.4.
14. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 26, sec. 312.5.
15. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 26, sec. 312.5.
16. Pub. L. No. 106-554, 114 Stat. 2763A-335, codified in scattered sections of U.S. Code.
17. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 47, sec. 54.520.
18. United States v. American Library Association, 201 F.Supp.2d 401 (E.D. Pa. 2002), reversed 539 U.S. 194 (2003).
19. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 47, sec. 54.520.
20. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 47, sec. 54.520.
21. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Telecommunications and Information Administration, Report to Congress, “Children’s Internet Protection Act Study of Technology Protection Measures in Section 1703,” August 2003. https://www.ntia.doc.gov/files/ntia/publications/cipareport08142003.pdf (accessed March 24, 2020).
22. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 47, sec. 54.520.
23. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 47, sec. 54.520.
24. United States Code, Title 20, sec. 1232g.
25. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 34, sec. 99.3.
26. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 34, sec. 99.7.
27. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 34, sec. 99.7.
28. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 34, sec. 99.10.
29. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 34, sec. 99.12.
30. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 34, sec. 99.7.
31. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 34, sec. 99.20.
32. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 34, sec. 99.30.
33. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 34, sec. 99.31.
34. U.S. Department of Education, “FERPA and the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19),” March 2020. https://studentprivacy.ed.gov/resources/ferpa-and-coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19 (accessed March 24, 2020).
35. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 34, sec. 99.32.
36. Federal Register 73, No. 237 at 74,843–74,844, background information (2008).
37. U.S. Department of Education, “Dear Colleague Letter GEN -16-12,” July 1, 2016. https://ifap.ed.gov/dear-colleague-letters/07-01-2016-gen-16-12-subject-protecting-student-information (accessed March 24, 2020).
38. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 34, sec. 99.64.
39. FERPA SHERPA, “State Student Privacy Laws,” Last updated 2019. https://ferpasherpa.org/state-laws/ (accessed March 24, 2020).