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by C.M. van 't Land
Safety in Design
Cover
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Intrinsic Continuous Process Safeguarding
1.3 The Flixborough Accident in the United Kingdom in 1974
1.4 The Seveso Emission in Italy in 1976
1.5 The Bhopal Emission in India in 1984
1.6 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 2: Procedural, Active, and Passive Safety
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Definitions
2.3 Four Failures of Emergency Power Units
2.4 The Failure of the Blowout Preventer ( BOP ) at the Gulf Oil Explosion in 2010
2.5 The Safeguarding of Formula One Races
2.6 Dust Explosion Relief Venting
References
Chapter 3: Safety Improvements over the Years
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Transport
3.3 Industry
3.4 Society
References
Chapter 4: Safety Aspects Need Attention
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Transport
4.3 Society
References
Chapter 5: Make Accidents and Incidents Virtually Impossible
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Transport
5.3 Society
References
Chapter 6: Design with Ample Margins
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Transport
6.3 Society
References
Chapter 7: The Risks of Enclosed Spaces
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Transport
7.3 Industry
7.4 Society
References
Chapter 8: Examples from the Chemical Industry
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Runaway Reaction at T2 Laboratories at Jacksonville, Florida in the United States in 2007
8.3 Reactions with Epoxides
8.4 Explosions at Shell Moerdijk at Moerdijk in The Netherlands in 2014
8.5 DSM Melamine Plant Explosion at Geleen in The Netherlands in 2003
8.6 Dryer Explosion in a Dow Plant at King's Lynn, Norfolk in the United Kingdom in 1976
References
Chapter 9: Gas Explosions
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Flashing Inflammable Liquids
9.3 Mexico City in 1984
9.4 Nijmegen in The Netherlands in 1978
9.5 Los Alfaques in Spain in 1978
9.6 Viareggio in Italy in 2009
9.7 A Narrow Escape at Tilburg in The Netherlands in 2015
9.8 Diemen in The Netherlands in 2014
References
Chapter 10: Nuclear Power Stations
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs) and Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs)
10.3 Three Mile Island (TMI)
10.4 Fukushima Unit 1
10.5 High‐temperature Gas‐cooled Reactors (HTGRs)
10.6 Comparison Between Light Water Reactors (LWRs, i.e. PWRs and BWRs) and HTGRs
References
Index
End User License Agreement
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Prev
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Cover
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Title Page
Table of Contents
Cover
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Intrinsic Continuous Process Safeguarding
1.3 The Flixborough Accident in the United Kingdom in 1974
1.4 The Seveso Emission in Italy in 1976
1.5 The Bhopal Emission in India in 1984
1.6 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 2: Procedural, Active, and Passive Safety
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Definitions
2.3 Four Failures of Emergency Power Units
2.4 The Failure of the Blowout Preventer ( BOP ) at the Gulf Oil Explosion in 2010
2.5 The Safeguarding of Formula One Races
2.6 Dust Explosion Relief Venting
References
Chapter 3:
Safety Improvements over the Years
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Transport
3.3 Industry
3.4 Society
References
Chapter 4: Safety Aspects Need Attention
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Transport
4.3 Society
References
Chapter 5: Make Accidents and Incidents Virtually Impossible
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Transport
5.3 Society
References
Chapter 6: Design with Ample Margins
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Transport
6.3 Society
References
Chapter 7: The Risks of Enclosed Spaces
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Transport
7.3 Industry
7.4 Society
References
Chapter 8: Examples from the Chemical Industry
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Runaway Reaction at T2 Laboratories at Jacksonville, Florida in the United States in 2007
8.3 Reactions with Epoxides
8.4 Explosions at Shell Moerdijk at Moerdijk in The Netherlands in 2014
8.5 DSM Melamine Plant Explosion at Geleen in The Netherlands in 2003
8.6 Dryer Explosion in a Dow Plant at King's Lynn, Norfolk in the United Kingdom in 1976
References
Chapter 9: Gas Explosions
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Flashing Inflammable Liquids
9.3 Mexico City in 1984
9.4 Nijmegen in The Netherlands in 1978
9.5 Los Alfaques in Spain in 1978
9.6 Viareggio in Italy in 2009
9.7 A Narrow Escape at Tilburg in The Netherlands in 2015
9.8 Diemen in The Netherlands in 2014
References
Chapter 10: Nuclear Power Stations
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs) and Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs)
10.3 Three Mile Island (TMI)
10.4 Fukushima Unit 1
10.5 High‐temperature Gas‐cooled Reactors (HTGRs)
10.6 Comparison Between Light Water Reactors (LWRs, i.e. PWRs and BWRs) and HTGRs
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 07
Table 7.1 Concentrations of oxygen, phosphine, and carbon monoxide in the Thermphos Furnace after the accident.
Table 7.2 Analytical data of air in dairy cattle livestock farms during mixing – averages of the highest values measured at the farms.
Chapter 09
Table 9.1 Cylindrical storage vessels of the Pemex LPG installation.
Chapter 10
Table 10.1 Timeline of the accident at Three Mile Island.
Table 10.2 Timeline of the events in Unit 1 of Fukushima Daiichi.
Table 10.3 Operational and technical data of AVR and THTR‐300.
Table 10.4 Operational and technical data of HTR‐10 and HTR‐PM
[27, 28]
.
Table 10.5 Operational and technical data of Peach Bottom Unit No. 1 and Fort St. Vrain.
List of Illustrations
Chapter 02
Figure 2.1 Deepwater Horizon BOP.
Figure 2.2 Explosion vent.
Figure 2.3 Dust explosion relief venting.
Figure 2.4 Dust explosion relief venting detail.
Chapter 03
Figure 3.1 A Comet 1 aircraft.
Figure 3.2 Cotton mill with water tower.
Figure 3.3 Clamp‐on ultrasonic flow meter.
Figure 3.4 Dutch sea barrier (Maeslantkering).
Chapter 04
Figure 4.1 Flashes from a burning bus on natural gas in The Netherlands.
Figure 4.2 A light truck with trailer were hit by a gust of wind in Germany.
Figure 4.3 A Dual Bloc wheel.
Figure 4.4 NTSB Materials Engineer Matt Fox examines the casing of the battery involved in the JAL Boeing 787 fire incident at Boston.
Figure 4.5 A hydrofoil.
Figure 4.6 Subsidence in cm expected in Groningen in 2070.
Figure 4.7 The fire started at the membrane pump.
Chapter 05
Figure 5.1 Train/truck and trailer collision – Event Number 1.
Figure 5.2 Train/truck and trailer collision – Event Number 2.
Figure 5.3 An inflatable castle.
Figure 5.4 Drain of a water basin.
Chapter 06
Figure 6.1 Coach accident in Sierre tunnel.
Figure 6.2 Concorde aircraft.
Figure 6.3 STS‐1 (Columbia) at liftoff.
Figure 6.4 Crashed Turkish Airlines Flight TK1951.
Figure 6.5 Terminal 2E at Roissy‐Charles de Gaulle Airport – Top view.
Figure 6.6 Terminal 2E at Roissy‐Charles de Gaulle Airport – Cross‐section.
Chapter 07
Figure 7.1 Ship Lady Irina.
Figure 7.2 Top view of the phosphorus furnace. Ovenuitgang, Furnace exit.
Figure 7.3 Cross section of the phosphorus furnace. Werkvloer, shop‐floor; Electrode‐opening, opening for electrode; vulpijp, filling pipe; Betondeksel, concrete lid; Chamollestenen, Chamolle stones; Steunring, support ring; Wandkoeling, wall cooling; Koolstofstenen, carbon stones; Stampmassa, pound mass; IJzersteenkoeling, cooling for iron stone; Ringgoot, annular drain; Bodemkoeling, bottom cooling.
Figure 7.4 Approximate reproduction of the situation during the accident at Makkinga in 2013. (1) Slurry silo; (2) container filled with water; (3) tractor and car with pump; (4) breathing air compressor; (5) tankcar for slurry transfer; (6) opened manhole in silo roof.
Chapter 08
Figure 8.1 Equation of the chemical reaction between epichlorohydrin and an N‐substituted aniline.
Figure 8.2 Continuous trickle‐bed Reactor No. 2 with gas/liquid separator.
Figure 8.3 The salt furnace of a melamine plant.
Figure 8.4 Double‐coned contact dryer.
Chapter 09
Figure 9.1 Tankfarm of the Pemex LPG installation.
Figure 9.2 The Pemex site after the explosion.
Figure 9.3 Location of the filling station at Nijmegen. A translation of the words in the figure follows: Text of the figure from top to bottom and from the left to the right: Weiland, pasture; Benzinestation, gas station; Verkeerslichten, traffic lights; Begroeing, overgrowth; Spoorlijn, railroad; Wijchen and Nijmegen are, respectively, a village and a town; Takenhofplein and Spijkerhofplein are street names.
Figure 9.4 A longitudinal crack.
Figure 9.5 Aerial view of the camping Los Alfaques.
Figure 9.6 The damaged LPG wagon at Viareggio. The photograph shows the hole and the pole.
Figure 9.7 Situation after the collision between the wagon and the passenger‐train.
Figure 9.8 The passenger‐train passed a stop sign and hit the freight‐train on Track 912 B. A translation of the words in the figure follows. Text of the left‐hand side of the figure from top to bottom: Station Tilburg Universiteit, railway station Tilburg University; Perron, platform; Richting west (naar Breda en Kijfhoek), direction west (to Breda and Kijfhoek); Emplacement Tilburg Goederen, railway yard Tilburg goods. Text of the right‐hand side of the figure from top to bottom: Richting oost (naar station Tilburg, Eindhoven en Chemelot), direction east (to railway station Tilburg, Eindhoven and Chemelot); Goederentrein vanaf Chemelot, freight‐train from Chemelot; Goederentrein vanaf Kijfhoek, freight‐train from Kijfhoek; Reizigerstrein, passenger‐train; Botsing, collision.
Figure 9.9 The crash absorbers of the wagon were hardly damaged.
Figure 9.10 This photograph shows damaged crash absorbers (the tubes) that have been damaged by a collision and have absorbed energy.
Figure 9.11 This photograph shows a provision to prevent a wagon or carriage to climb up against a crash absorber.
Figure 9.12 Schematic representation of a gas connection at apartment building De Beukenhorst. A translation of the words in the figure follows: Lift, elevator; Buitengevel flatgebouw, outer front apartment building; Stijgleiding, ascending line; Liftput, elevator pit; Entrée, entrance; Aansluitleiding, connecting line; Doorvoerbuis, guiding line; Fundering, foundation.
Figure 9.13 Timeline of the Diemen accident.
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 The hydrogen atom.
Figure 10.2 A nuclear power station equipped with a BWR.
Figure 10.3 The nuclear power station TMI‐2 at Harrisburg in the United States.
Figure 10.4 Fukushima Unit 1 – a nuclear power station with a BWR.
Figure 10.5 Fukushima Unit 1 – Isolation Condenser A.
Figure 10.6 Prismatic block reactor at the left and pebble bed reactor at the right. Text of the figure from top to bottom: Brandstofballen, fuel spheres; diameter 60 mm, 60 mm diameter; Gecoate brandstofkern, coated fuel particle; Brandstof cilindertje lengte 38 mm, fuel compact 38 mm tall; Prismatisch blok lengte 580 mm, prismatic block 580 mm tall; Prismatische uitvoering, prismatic configuration; Pebble bed uitvoering, pebble‐bed configuration.
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