Index
Note: Page numbers followed by “f” and “t” refer to figures and table, respectively.
A
Acetal copolymer
Acetal homopolymer
Acrylic acid (AAc) monomer,
55
Acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS)
4-Acryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-AETA),
289
Adherends, adhesives for,
160
reinforced plastics/composites,
176–177
rubbers (elastomers),
178
Adherend-to-organic material,
36
environmental considerations,
380
surface treatment of materials to enhance,
36t
The Adhesive and Sealant Council, Inc. (ASC),
381
advantages of,
disadvantages of,
of nickel-based alloys,
165
nonstructural,
quality control system for,
354f
appropriate process,
choice of adhesive,
cleanliness,
good joint design,
wetting,
structural,
Adhesive–adherend interactions, ,
Adhesives, defined,
Advancing contact angle,
24
Aerospace structures,
Aliphatic polyamine hardeners,
111
Alloyed/modified (two-polymer) adhesives,
86–91
Allyl diglycol carbonate,
86
Aluminium Vehicle Technology (AVT),
334–335
Aluminum and alloys, adhesives for,
160–162
Anaerobic adhesives/sealants,
91–92,
92
small-portion mixer dispensers,
209–210
pressure-sensitive and contact bonding,
219
Application mode and setting
classification of adhesives by,
75,
76t
Aromatic polyamine hardeners,
112
Aromatic polymer adhesives,
93–94
Arvin acoustic analysis system,
363
Asahiklin AK-225 AES,
42t
Ash content of adhesives,
344
ASTM F2255-05 Standard Test Method,
269
ASTM F2256-05 Standard Test Method,
269
ASTM F2258-05 Standard Test Method,
269
ASTM F2458-05 Standard Test Method,
269
Attractive forces,
19,
20
B
Beveled double strap joint,
186f
Biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) film,
54–55
Biomimetic adhesives,
258
Bond failure, mechanisms of,
16–17
Bonding, process control of,
358–360
adhesive application,
359
standard test specimen,
360
electric resistance heaters,
224–225
high-frequency dielectric (radio frequency) heating,
225
Bonding techniques, for latex adhesives,
153–154
Boron trifluoride hardeners,
112
Brass, adhesives for,
163
Bronze, adhesives for,
163
Bubble pressure method,
26t
C
Cadmium, adhesives for,
163
Carriers/reinforcements,
68
properties and advantages of,
100t
Cellulosics
cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB),
244–245
cellulose propionate,
245
Chemical atmosphere, corona treatment under,
54–55
Chemical composition, classification of adhesives by,
71–73
elastomeric adhesives,
72,
73t
thermosetting adhesives,
71
Chemical treatment,
45,
50
Chemically reactive types,
77
Classification of adhesives, ,
69–82
by chemical composition,
71–73
elastomeric adhesives,
72,
73t
thermosetting adhesives,
71
nonstructural adhesives,
74
by mechanical properties of adhesives,
82
by mode of application and setting,
75,
76t
one-component adhesives,
83
powder/granule adhesives,
75
tape and film adhesives,
75
thermoplastic resin adhesives,
80t
thermosetting resin adhesives,
79t
two-polymer adhesives (alloys),
81t
society of manufacturing engineering,
77–79
chemically reactive types,
77
delayed-tack adhesives,
79
evaporative/diffusion adhesives,
78
pressure-sensitive adhesives,
79
tape and film adhesives,
79t
by specific adherends/applications,
75–76
two-component adhesives,
83
by type of cure that occurs in adhesive,
82
Cleaner technologies substitute assessments (CTSAs),
380
Cleaning (degreasing) metals,
39–45
intermediate cleaning,
44–45
ultrasonic cleaning with liquid rinse,
43
ultrasonic vapor degreasing,
41–42
Cleanliness,
Closure of hernia incisions, tissue adhesives for (case study),
278–283
Cohesive energy density (CED), ,
236
Collagen-based adhesives,
259
Composition formulation, of adhesives,
67–69
carriers/reinforcements,
68
heat cure conductive adhesives,
103
room temperature cure adhesives,
103
snap cure conductive adhesives,
103
two-component conductive adhesives,
103
Contact angle (Young’s equation),
23–25,
23f
Contact-angle test,
61–62
Copolymeric hydrogels,
271
Copper and copper alloys, adhesives for,
164
under chemical atmosphere,
54–55
Cyanoacrylate pitfalls and pearls,
281t
benefits and limitation,
263t
D
Definition of adhesives and adhesive bonding,
1–2
Density, test method for,
345
4-acryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-AETA),
289
hydroxy ethyl methacrylate,
288
methacrylic acid (MA),
286
10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (10-MDP),
289
4-methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitic acid,
288
Design for Environment (DfE) program,
380
Di-2-hydroxyethyl methacryl hydrogen phosphate (Di-HEMA-phosphate),
289
Diallyl phthalate, adhesives for,
175
Dicyandiamide (DICY),
164
Double butt lap joint,
186f
Dual element transducer,
367
Durability of adhesive bonds,
297–299
humidity and water immersion,
305–312
moisture exposure, effects of surface preparation on,
306–308
stressed temperature/humidity test,
308
low and cryogenic temperatures,
303–305
Boeing/Air Force studies,
316
seacoast weathering environment,
313–315
simulated weathering/accelerated testing,
317
Dynamic surface tension measurement methods for liquids,
26t
Dynamic Wilhelmy method,
27t
E
Eddy-sonic test method,
363
Elastomer-epoxies,
87,
129
Elastomeric polymers in nonstructural applications,
96t
Electric resistance heaters,
224–225
Electrical properties,
346
Electrically conductive adhesives,
102–103
heat cure conductive adhesives,
103
room temperature cure adhesives,
103
snap cure conductive adhesives,
103
two-component conductive adhesives,
103
Electrolytic corrosion,
346
Electron beam (EB) curing,
223,
224
Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA),
14–15,
357
Electrostatic theory,
Environmental considerations,
380
Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) and polyolefin resins,
118
Evaporative/diffusion adhesives,
78
Extrusion of adhesives,
214
F
Failure modes, definition of,
13–15
Federal Test Method Std. 175B, Method 1081,
346
Federal Test Method Std. 175B, Method 4041.1,
347
Film corona treatment system,
52f
“First-generation acrylic adhesives,”
85
Flexible adhesives,
Fluorine-to-carbon (F/V) ratio,
59
Fluoroplastics, adhesives for,
170
Foamable hot-melt adhesives,
118
Fracture strength in cleavage,
347
Function, classification of adhesives by,
73–74
nonstructural adhesives,
74
Functions of adhesives,
2–3
G
Gap-filling adhesive bonds,
347
Gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures, tissue adhesive applications in (case study),
276–277
bleeding from other sources,
277
esophageal variceal bleeding,
277
peptic ulcer bleeding,
277
Glass matte-reinforced thermoplastic (GMT),
58
Global Industry Analysts, Inc.,
383
Goland and Reissner theory,
202–203
Guggenheim’s equation,
25–26
H
Hardeners
for thermosetting adhesives,
67–68
Hazard Communication Standard (HCS),
375
Heat cure conductive adhesives,
103
electric resistance heaters,
224–225
high-frequency dielectric (radio frequency) heating,
225
High-temperature-resistant adhesives,
299–302
High temperature effects,
347
High-frequency dielectric (radio frequency) heating,
225
Hildebrand solubility parameter,
236
History, of adhesive development,
84
ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) and polyolefin resins,
118
foamable hot-melt adhesives,
118
polyamide (Nylon) and polyester resins,
119
Hot-setting phenolics,
132
Humidity and water immersion,
305–312
moisture exposure, effects of surface preparation on,
306–308
stressed temperature/humidity test,
308
Hydrogen ion concentration,
347
Hydroxy ethyl cellulose,
100
Hydroxy ethyl methacrylate (HEMA),
286,
288
2-Hydroxyethyl methacryl dihydrogen phosphate (HEMA-phosphate),
289
I
mechanical properties,
357
miscellaneous properties (including creep),
357
bonding, process control of,
358–360
adhesive application,
359
standard test specimen,
360
surface preparation control,
357–358
Inorganic adhesives (cements),
120–123
basic salts (sorel cements),
122
Sauereisen’s adhesives,
123
soluble silicates (potassium and sodium silicate),
121–122
Intermediate cleaning,
44–45
Intermolecular interactions,
11–12
Ionomer (Surlyn®), adhesives for,
170
J
adhesive joints, peeling of,
191–192
angle and corner joints,
194
common joint styles,
203f
efficiency, methods of improving,
185–187
optimizing adhesive bonding through,
203–204
for plastics and elastomers,
194–196
pressure-sensitive and contact bonding,
219
K
L
application by extrusion,
214
oil can and squeeze bottle,
213
roll and knife method,
213
Liquids
dynamic surface tension measurement methods for,
26t
static surface tension measurement methods for,
26t
surface tension measurement for,
26
London dispersion forces,
11
Low and cryogenic temperature,
347
M
and magnesium alloys, adhesives for,
164–165
Magnesium oxychloride,
122
Manufacturing engineering, society of,
77–79
chemically reactive types,
77
delayed-tack adhesives,
79
evaporative/diffusion adhesives,
78
pressure-sensitive adhesives,
79
tape and film adhesives,
79t
Material surface preparation techniques,
35
cleaning (degreasing) metals,
39–45
intermediate cleaning,
44–45
general considerations,
35–36
methods for evaluating effectiveness of surface preparation,
61–62
contact-angle test,
61–62
surface exposure time (SET),
62–64
surface treatment of metals,
36–39
surface treatment of plastics,
48–60
effect of treatment on plastic surfaces,
48–50
mechanical treatment (surface roughening),
51
Maximum acceptable concentrations (MACs),
44
Medical grade cyanoacrylate adhesives,
263–266
Medicine and dentistry, adhesives in,
258–259
skin closure, adhesives for,
271–272
10-Methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (10-MDP),
289
4-acryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-AETA),
289
4-methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitic acid,
288
hydroxy ethyl methacrylate,
288
methacrylic acid (MA),
286
synthetic/semisynthetic adhesives,
259
tissue adhesives
test methods to characterize strength of,
269
Melamine-formaldehyde adhesives (melamines),
123,
164,
175
cadmium (plated on steel),
163
copper and copper alloys,
164
magnesium and magnesium alloys,
164–165
nickel and nickel alloys,
165
steel, mild, carbon (iron),
166
surface treatment of,
36–39
titanium and titanium alloys,
166–167
tungsten and tungsten alloys,
167
zinc and zinc alloys,
167
Methacrylate-based adhesives,
270–271
Methacrylic acid (MA),
286
11-Methacryloyloxy-1,10-undecanedicarboxylic acid (MAC-10),
289
10-Methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (10-MDP),
289
2-(Methacryloyloxyethyl) phenyl hydrogen phosphate (Phenyl-P),
289
4-Methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitic acid (4-MET),
288
Methyl nonafluorobutyl ether,
42t
Methyl nonafluoroisobutyl ether,
42t
Methyl-2-cyanoacrylate,
106
Methylene chloride,
41,
247
Microencapsulated adhesives,
123–124
MIL-STD-304 conditioning,
318t
Miniaturization trend, in electronics,
383
effects of surface preparation on,
306–308
N
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA),
378,
378
Net force on surface molecule,
19
Nickel and nickel alloys, adhesives for,
165
Nitrile rubber adhesive,
96t,
130
Nitrile-epoxy (elastomer-epoxy) adhesives,
129
Nonchromate corrosion inhibitors,
47
penetrant inspection,
371
radioisotope methods,
370
scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM),
371
arvin acoustic analysis system,
363
eddy-sonic test method,
363
pulsed eddy-sonic test method,
363
sweep-frequency resonance method,
367–368
thermal image inspection,
369
thermal infrared inspection (TIRI),
369–370
ultrasonic multiple transducer,
366–367
ultrasonic pulse echo contact impedance testing,
365,
365f
Nonstructural adhesives, ,
74
Nylon-epoxy adhesives,
87,
131
Nylons (polyamides)
O
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA),
375
Octyl-2-cyanoacrylate (2-OCA),
266,
266
Open pediatric urological procedures
tissue adhesive as dressing (case study),
275–276
P
Penetrant inspection,
371
Perchloroethylene,
44,
247
Phased array transducer,
367
Phenol-formaldehyde (phenolics),
176,
331
hot-setting phenolics,
132
Physical form, classification of adhesives by,
74–75
powder/granule adhesives,
75
tape and film adhesives,
75
Plastic bottle, 3D treatment of,
54f
Plastic film treater,
52,
53f
Plastics, surface treatment of,
48–60,
49f
under chemical atmosphere,
54–55
effect of treatment on plastic surfaces,
48–50
mechanical treatment (surface roughening),
51
Plastics adhesion substrates, treatment values for,
63t
Plated metals, adhesives for,
165
Platinum, adhesives for,
166
Poly(t-butylmethacrylate) (PtBMA), surface energies of,
32t
Polyamide (Nylon) and polyester resins,
119
Polyamide-6,6 (PA-66), surface energies of,
32t
Polyamide-12 (PA-12), surface energies of,
32t
Polyaryl ether (Arylon T), adhesives for,
171
Polyaryl ether ketones,
93
Polyaryl sulfone, adhesives for,
171
Polybutylene terephthalate,
249
Polybutylmethacrylate (PBMA), surface energies of,
32t
Polycarbonates (PCs),
93,
171
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTrFE)
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), surface energies of,
32t
thermoplastic polyester,
172
thermosetting polyester,
176
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)
Polyethersulfone,
93,
172
Polyethylacrylate (PEA), surface energies of,
32t
-branched PE, surface energies of,
32t
-linear PE, surface energies of,
32t
Polyethyleneoxide (PEO), surface energies of,
32t
Polyethyleneterephthalate (PET), surface energies of,
32t
Polyethylmethacrylate (PEMA), surface energies of,
32t
Polyhexylmethacrylate (PHMA), surface energies of,
32t
Polyisobutylene (PIB),
136
Polyisobutylmethacrylate (PIBMA), surface energies of,
32t
Polymeric (alkoxide) route,
47
Polymers
solubility parameters for,
240t
solubility parameters for,
240t
two-polymer adhesives,
86–91
Polymethylacrylate, surface energies of,
32t
Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)
Polymethylpentene (TPXs®), adhesives for,
173
Polyoxymethylene (POM),
168
Polyphenylene sulfide (Ryton®), adhesives for,
173
Polyphenylquinoxaline,
167
-isotactic PP, surface energies of,
32t
Polystyrene PS, surface energies of,
32t
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE),
39
Polytetrahydrofurane (PTHF), surface energies of,
32t
Polytetramethylene oxide (PTME), surface energies of,
32t
Polytrifluoroethylene (P3FEt/PTrFE), surface energies of,
32t
Polyvinyl acetal adhesives,
140
Polyvinyl acetate adhesives,
140–141
Polyvinyl alcohol adhesives,
141
Polyvinyl butyral adhesives,
141
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Polyvinyl fluoride (PVF)
Polyvinylacetate (PVA), surface energies of,
32t
Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), surface energies of,
32t
Polyvinyltoluene (PVT), surface energies of,
32t
Poly-α-methyl styrene (PMS), surface energies of,
32t
Powder contact angle,
27t
Premature adhesive failure,
16
Pressure-sensitive and contact bonding,
219
Proper choice of adhesive,
Properly treated polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE),
171
Pull-force methods,
27–28
Pulsed eddy-sonic test method,
363
Q
adhesive-bonded joints, defects in,
361t
process control of bonding,
358–360
surface preparation control,
357–358
penetrant inspection,
371
radioisotope methods,
370
scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM),
371
sweep-frequency resonance method,
367–368
thermal image inspection,
369
thermal infrared inspection (TIRI),
369–370
R
Radioisotope methods,
370
Rayner, classification of adhesives by,
79–81
thermoplastic resin adhesives,
80t
thermosetting resin adhesives,
79t
two-polymer adhesives (alloys),
81t
“Reactive-fluid adhesives,”
85
Receding contact angle,
24
Recessed double strap joint,
186f
Reclaim rubber, properties of,
96t
Reinforced plastics/composites,
176–177
Requirements for good adhesive bond,
4–5
adhesive bonding process,
cleanliness,
good joint design,
proper choice of adhesive,
wetting,
Resorcinol-formaldehyde adhesives,
143
Right-angle butt joints,
194
Roll and knife method,
213
Room temperature cure adhesives,
103
Room-temperature-vulcanizing (RTV) silicones,
303
joints under stress,
195f
Rubberized asphalt adhesives,
99t
S
in solvent cleaning operations,
44
Saint-Gobain boron nitride,
104
Salt spray (fog) testing,
348
Boeing/Air Force studies,
316
seacoast weathering environment,
313–315
Sauereisen’s adhesives,
123
Scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM),
371
properties test results for,
89t
tensile shear test results for,
89t
“Second-generation acrylics,”
85
Self-adhesive bandages,
269
Shurtronic Harmonic Bond Tester,
363
Silicone resins, adhesives for,
176
Single fiber Wilhelmy method,
27t
Skin closure, adhesives for,
271–272
Skin closure in plastic surgery, tissue adhesive for (case study),
283
Small and medium vessels, sutureless anastomoses of (case study),
274–275
Small-portion mixer dispensers,
209–210
Snap cure conductive adhesives,
103
Sodium carboxy methyl cellulose,
100
Solids
surface tension measurement methods for,
27t
Solvent bonding, factors affecting,
237–241
Solvent cementing of plastics,
235
factors affecting adhesive and solvent bonding,
237–241
in high temperatures,
255
specific polymers, solvents for,
241–254
acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene,
243
chlorinated polyvinyl chloride,
254
phenylene oxide-based resins,
250–252
polybutylene terephthalate,
249
styrene–acrylonitrile,
249
ultrasonic cleaning with liquid rinse,
43
ultrasonic vapor degreasing,
41–42
Solvent reactivation,
154
arvin acoustic analysis system,
363
eddy-sonic test method,
363
pulsed eddy-sonic test method,
363
Spatulas, knives, trowels,
214
Specific surface area (SSA),
6–7
Specimen preparation,
349
Spinning drop method,
26t
Stainless steel, adhesives for,
166
Static surface tension measurement methods for liquids,
26t
Stoichiometric volume,
58
Straight joints
Strength development,
350
Stress analysis of adhesive joints,
196–203
theoretical analysis of stresses and strains,
196–197
Stress-cracking resistance,
350
Stressed temperature/humidity test,
308
Stressed-bond joint durability,
316
Styrene–acrylonitrile
Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR),
96t
Styrene-butadiene-styrene (S-B-S),
148
Styrene-isoprenestyrene (S-I-S),
148
Superglues (cyanoacrylates),
1–2
Surface exposure time (SET),
62–64
Surface free energy,
20–23
surface energy of solids,
22
temperature effect on,
25
Surface treatment of materials to enhance adhesion,
36t
Surface treatment of metals,
36–39
Suture and tissue adhesive, effects of
Sweep-frequency resonance method,
367–368
Synthetic adhesives, ,
70,
259
Synthetic/semisynthetic adhesives,
259
T
Temperature effect on surface tension,
25
Testing of adhesive bonds,
339
methods and practices, compilation of,
343–352
cleavage/peel strength,
345
cryogenic temperatures,
345
electrical properties,
346
electrolytic corrosion,
346
fracture strength in cleavage,
347
gap-filling adhesive bonds,
347
high temperature effects,
347
hydrogen ion concentration,
347
low and cryogenic temperature,
347
salt spray (fog) testing,
348
specimen preparation,
349
strength development,
350
stress-cracking resistance,
350
water absorptiveness,
351
electrostatic theory,
weak boundary layer theory,
13
Thermal image inspection,
369
Thermal infrared inspection (TIRI),
369–370
Thermally conductive adhesives,
103–104
chemical structure of,
94f
Thermoplastic resins,
80,
235
Thermoplastic rubber,
94,
148
Thermoplastics, adhesives for,
168–175
acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS),
169
phenylene-oxide-based resins (Noryl®),
170–171
polyaryl ether (Arylon T),
171
polychlorotrifluoroethylene,
171
polyetheretherketone,
172
polymethylmethacrylate,
173
polymethylpentene (TPXs®),
173
polyphenylene sulfide (Ryton®),
173
polytetrafluoroethylene,
174
polyvinyl chloride (PVC),
174
styrene-acrylonitrile,
175
Thermosetting adhesives,
71,
299
Thermosetting plastics (thermosets), adhesives for,
175–176
melamine-formaldehyde (melamines),
175
phenol-formaldehyde (phenolics),
176
polyester (thermosetting polyester),
176
Thermosetting resin adhesives,
79t,
149
Thickness of adhesives,
227
Threshold limit values (TLVs),
44
Through-transmission techniques,
366
Time of flight diffraction technique,
367
closure of hernia incisions,
278–283
comparison of effects of suture and tissue adhesive on bacterial counts,
272–274
gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures,
276–277
sutureless anastomoses of small and medium vessels,
274–275
tissue adhesive as dressing after open pediatric urological procedures,
275–276
tissue adhesive for skin closure in plastic surgery,
283
topical skin wounds, tissue adhesives in,
277–278
test methods to characterize strength of,
269
Titanium and titanium alloys, adhesives for,
166–167
Topical skin wounds, tissue adhesives in (case study),
277–278
Transdermal patch technology,
270
Trends in adhesives industry,
380,
381t
Tungsten and tungsten alloys, adhesives for,
167
Two-component conductive adhesives,
103
U
Ultrasonic cleaning with liquid rinse,
43
Ultrasonic multiple transducer,
366–367
Ultrasonic pulse echo contact impedance testing,
365,
365f
Ultrasonic vapor degreasing,
41–42
Uranium, adhesives for,
167
V
Van der Waals forces,
Vinyl acetal-phenolic adhesives,
304–305
Vinyl-epoxy adhesives,
151
Vinyl-resin adhesives,
152
W
Water absorptiveness,
351
Weak boundary layer theory,
13,
35
simulated weathering/accelerated testing,
317
advantages and limitations,
230
Wetting,
X
Y
Young–Dupre’s equation,
25
Z
Zinc and zinc alloys, adhesives for,
167
Zisman plot
for polymethyl methacrylate,
31f
for polytetrafluoroethylene,
30f