Abietic acid (C19H29COOH), 535
Absorbers
transfer through stagnant films, 660–661
efficiencies, 496
McCabe-Thiele solution, 485–489, 605
Absorption factor in dilute systems, 492
Acetate membranes in gas permeation, 846
Acetic acid
adsorption equilibrium constant, 926
countercurrent extraction, 567–568
NRTL parameters, 599
recovery from water, 528
solid-liquid equilibrium, 782–783
water-distillation, calculated diameters, 396–397
Acetonaphthalene (AN)
adsorption equilibrium constant, 926
linear chromatography, 992–993
Acetone
antisolvent, 825
azeotropic distillation, 303
extractive distillation, 301
HETP Pall rings, 410
partially miscible single-stage systems, 559–561
Acetone-ethanol VLE, 168
Acetyl cellulose membranes, 849
Acetone-chloroform-benzene maximum boiling azeotrope, 289–290
Acrylic acid, 970
Activated alumina (Al2O3)
diffuse waves, 963
elution chromatography, 934–936
properties, 921
uses, 923
Activated carbon
adsorption isotherms, 924
carbon dioxide isotherm, 961–962
overview, 922
packed bed fires, 983
porosities, 920
pressure-swing processes, 951–956
properties, 921
temperature swing adsorption, 946–947
chemical potential, 686
Fickian diffusion model, 682, 688–690
K values, 298
liquid-phase, 36
Maxwell-Stefan diffusion model, 686, 688–690
solubility product, 826
Additives
crystallization, 770
gasoline, 308
solubility in supercritical systems, 616
Adiabatic flashing
efficiencies, 496
multicomponent convergence, 42–43
simulations, 73
Adjustable weirs, 425
ADSIM simulator, 984
Adsorbates
description, 922
elution chromatography, 934–935
equilibrium constants, 926
pressure-swing processes, 948–951
shock waves, 969
simultaneous adsorption, 925
superposition, 987
surface tension, 980
temperature swing adsorption, 939, 941, 946–947
practical design and operation, 998–1000
simulated moving beds, 956–961
temperature swing adsorption, 938–961
AIChE correlation for distillation, 755
Air
diffusivity for gases, 648
diffusivity for liquids, 652
Lennard-Jones potential parameters, 649
Air cooling, 445
Alcohol. See also Ethanol, Methanol
batch distillation, 340
esters formation, 306
multicomponent distillation, 199, 463–466
polarity, 301
Alcohol dehydrogenase extraction, 544–547
Alcohol-water diffusivity, 633–636
Aldehydes polarity, 301
Aluminosilicates, 923
Aluminum trihydrate (Al(OH)3), 923
Ambivalent region in mixer-settler operation, 575
Amine group in ion exchange, 970
Ammonia
azeotropic distillation, 302–303
diffusivity for gases, 648
diffusivity for liquids, 652
ideal ternary systems, 693–695
Lennard-Jones potential parameters, 649
Ammonium bromide (NH4Br) solubility in water, 775
Ammonium chloride(NH4Cl) solubility in water, 775
Ammonium iodide (NH4I) solubility in water, 775
Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) solubility in water, 775
Ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2 SO4)
precipitation, 828
solubility in water, 775
Analogies, mass transfer coefficients based on, 680–682. See also Heat transfer
Analytical methods
cross-flow extraction, 546
HTU-NTU, 742
Anhydrous compounds in crystallization, 773–774, 778, 817
Aniline-Methylcyclohexane–heptane equilibrium data, 593
Anion exchange resins in ion exchange, 970
Anisotropic (asymmetric) membranes, 845–846
Anthracene
adsorption equilibrium constant, 926, 1006
elution chromatography, 934–936
Antisolvent addition in precipitation, 825–826
Antisolvent crystallization, 823–825
Antoine equation. See Vapor pressure
Approach temperature in heat exchanger design, 443
Aqueous two-phase extraction, 544–547
Aramids, 862
Argon
equilibrium in liquid ammonia, 515
production from air, 462
Arrhenius relation
absorption and stripping equilibria, 484–485
temperature dependence, 651
temperature swing adsorption, 939
Artificial kidneys, 838
DAEs, 984
integration, 1021
linear isotherms convergence, 1023–1025
nonlinear isotherms convergence, 1025–1027
simulator description, 1046
Aspen Custom Modeler, 984
Aspen Plus, 8
absorption and stripping, 520–525
binary analysis menu, 71
binary column distillation, 179–183
chemical reaction, 308
complex distillation methods, 326–336
extractive distillation, 298
formulas, 67
heterogeneous, binary azeotropic distillation processes, 329–333
HTU-NTU analysis, 764
liquid-liquid extraction, 598–602
material streams, 69
methods Assistant, 68
molar flows, 1047
mole fractions, 1047
multicomponent distillation, 241–248
nonideal ternary systems, 468–470
physical properties for drum size calculations, 63
property analysis, 68, 179–180
RadFac absorption, 521
rate-based analysis of distillation, 755, 765–768
regression of LLE correlations to fit data, 602
results summary, 72
startup, 67
stream specifications, 1047
tray and downcomer design, 433–435
troubleshooting guide, 1047–1049
two-pressure distillation, 326–329
VLE and LLE data, regression of, 1051
Atmospheric pressure operation costs, 446
Auxiliary lines
enthalpy-composition diagrams, 31
Average distillate concentration
mixed distillate product, 343
simple binary batch distillation, 344, 346
Avogadro’s number, 629
Axial dispersion
column mass balances, 981
elution chromatography, 936–937
energy balances, 983
linear chromatography, 990–991
local equilibrium with dispersion, 986
pressure swing adsorption, 951
shock waves, 969
simulated moving beds, 959
solute movement, 983
zone spreading, 985
Azeotropes
binary flash distillation, 28
binary heterogeneous processes, 273–282
breaking, 272
complex ternary systems, 287–289, 292–293
eutectic systems, 782
extractive distillation, 296–297, 300–301
membrane separation processes, 902
multicomponent distillation simulation, 245
nonideal ternary systems, 467–468
pervaporation, 886
pressure-swing processes, 286–287, 326–329
Baffles
mixer tanks, 574, 576–578, 749, 752
settler design, 579
staged column design, 380–381, 383
Balance points in valve tray design, 404–406
Balances. See Energy balances; Mass balances
Balancing calculated diameters, 396–397
Bare module costs, 439, 442–443, 446, 453
Barium black ash, 623
Barium chloride (BaCl2)
continuous cooling crystallizers, 781–782
evaporative crystallizers, 789
solubility in water, 775
Barker and Self correlation, 756
Batch crystallization, 776, 820
antisolvent crystallization, 823–825
Batch distillation, 339
distillate product fractions, 343–344
mixed distillate product, 342–343
Batch washing, 620
Bed capacity
nonlinear sorption systems, 995
temperature swing adsorption, 946
Beer stills, 425
Benzene
azeotropic distillation, 303
dilute systems, 534
distillation tray efficiency, 740–741
gas diffusivity, 648
Lennard-Jones potential parameters, 649
multicomponent batch distillation, 359–360
multicomponent distillation profiles, 195–199
oil extraction, 613
petroleum processing, 528
Underwood equation, 258
Benzene-acetone-chloroform maximum boiling azeotrope, 289–290
Benzene-sulfonic acid groups, 970
Benzene-toluene VLE, 64
Benzoic acid (C6H3COOH)
distribution coefficient between toluene and water, 582, 748
mixer stage efficiency, 746–748
solubility in water, 775
BET isotherms, 925
Binary batch distillation
Binary column distillation, 105
analytical vs. graphical methods, 161–162
intermediate reboilers and condensers, 149–151
limiting operating conditions, 151–154
McCabe-Thiele method, 116–120, 128–132, 138–145
new uses for old columns, 158–159
partial condensers, 146
profiles, 132
stage-by-stage solution methods, 110–116
subcooled reflux and superheated boilup, 159–161
total reboilers, 148
Binary equilibrium in crystallization, 772–776
Binary Fickian diffusion
steady-state, 633–638, 640–647
Binary flash distillation, 25–26
enthalpy-composition diagram, 31–32
sequential solution procedure, 26–30
simultaneous solution procedure, 30–32
Binary heterogeneous azeotropic distillation processes, 273
drying organic compounds, 277–282
single-column systems, 273–274
Binary mass transfer
to expanding and contracting objects, 661–664
Fickian model, 628
Binary Maxwell-Stefan diffusion, 683–691
Binary mixtures for gas permeation, 847–848
Binary permeation in perfectly mixed systems, 848–858
Binary systems, mass transfer for, 656–670
Blowdown step in pressure swing adsorption, 948–952, 954–956
Boiling points
simulations, 76
Boilup
stripping columns, 151
Bolles and Fair correlation, 723–729
Bolles design for valve trays, 404
Boltzmann’s constant, 649
Bonded chromatography packing, 923
Bootstrap equation, 686
Bottom operating lines
azeotropic processes, 274, 281
feed lines, 124
McCabe-Thiele method, 117–118, 140–142, 145
stripping columns, 151
Boundary conditions
distillation tray efficiency, 739
extraction mixers, 745
falling laminar liquid film, 675–676
local equilibrium with dispersion, 985
Maxwell-Stefan model, 689
reverse osmosis, 872
simulated moving beds, 958
steady-state binary Fickian diffusion, 634–635, 645, 647
ultrafiltration, 880
unsteady binary Fickian diffusion, 638–639
variable binary diffusivity, 655
Boundary curves in complex ternary systems, 289
Bovine serum albumin, 926
Breaking azeotropes, 272
Breakthrough
Aspen Chromatography, 1022–1023
pressure-swing processes, 956
shock waves, 969
temperature swing adsorption, 942, 944
Brunschwig, Hieronymus, 340
column diameter calculations, 390
Bubble-point calculations
complex ternary systems, 288, 292
extractive distillation, 298
Goal Seek, 215
matrix solutions, 220–221, 298
multicomponent distillation, 34, 40, 200–204, 208, 225–229, 360
simulations, 76
Bubble regime, 88
Bubbles, oxygen, shrinking diameter of, 664–669
Bulk density in sorption systems, 920–921
Bulk flow pattern effects, 895–899
Butadiene in azeotropic distillation, 302–303
Butane
diffusivity, 648
Lennard-Jones potential parameters, 649
removal by absorption, 481
Butanol
diffusivity for gases, 648
diffusivity for liquids, 652
dilute systems, 534
Butanol (n-)-water VLE, 312
Butyl rubber membranes permeability, 849
Butylenes in azeotropic distillation, 302–303
Caffeine extraction, 616
Calcium acetate hydrates, 775–776
Calcium chloride (CaCl2) solubility, 775
Calcium ion in ion exchange, 970, 972–973
Capacity factor for flooding, 390–391, 419–420
energy conservation, 455
ideal multicomponent distillation, 460–462
packed column design, 417
plant operating rate changes, 454–455
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
diffusivity for gases, 648, 650
diffusivity for liquids, 652–653
Henry’s law constants, 484
Lennard-Jones potential parameters, 649
nonlinear solute movement, 961–962
perfectly mixed gas permeation, 859–860
permeability, 849
removal by absorption, 481–482
temperature swing adsorption, 946
well-mixed gas permeation, 851–857
Carbon molecular sieves (CMS), 922
Carbon monoxide (CO), Henry’s law constant, 484
Carbon-tetrachloride
Henry’s law constant, 485
NRTL parameters, 599
Carbonated beverages, 484
Carbons for sorbents, 922
Carboxylic acid in esters formation, 306
Cascades
countercurrent, 83–84, 561–569, 611–612
cross-flow, 514, 543–547, 552, 558–561, 602
multieffect, 462
Catalytic distillation, 308
Cation exchange resins, 970
Cellulose membranes
gas permeation, 846
membrane separation processes, 843–844
permeability, 849
reverse osmosis, 862
ultrafiltration, 878
Center cuts in extraction, 540–541
Centrifugal extractors and separators, 529–530
Chan and Fair correlation, 755
Chapman-Enskog equation
Fickian binary gas diffusivities, 649
Maxwell-Stefan model, 694
Characteristic diagram for solute movement, 932
Check step in in problem solving, 6
Chemical absorption, 481
Chemical Engineering Plant Cost Index (CEPCI), 439
Chemical potential equilibrium, 3
Chemical reaction, distillation with, 306–308
Chen and Chuang correlation, 755
Chilton-Colburn analogy
mass transfer coefficients, 681–682
rate-based analysis of distillation, 754
Chimney trays, 382
Chloride ions in ion exchange, 970, 973
Chlorinated solvents
environmental concerns, 531
Henry’s law constants, 485
Chlorine
diffusivity for gases, 648
mass transfer coefficient estimation, 679–680
removal from water, 947
Chlorobenzene
concentrated immiscible extraction, 548–550
diffusivity for liquids, 652
equilibrium data with water and pyridine, 548
Chloroform
Henry’s law constant, 485
partially miscible single-stage systems, 559–561
Chloroform-benzene-acetone maximum boiling azeotrope, 289–290
Chloro-heptane, Henry’s law constant, 485
Chloro-naphthalene, Henry’s law constant, 485
Christmas-tree pattern in reverse osmosis, 863
Chromatography, 917–918. See also Aspen Chromatography
adsorbents, 923
practical design and operation, 998–1000
simulated moving beds, 958
solute movement analysis, 930–938
Chung and Wen correlation
local equilibrium with dispersion, 986
lumped parameter mass transfer, 982
Circular pipe downcomers in staged column design, 379, 381
Citric acid (C3H4OH(COOH)3), solubility in water, 775
Clay distillation pots, 339
Climate change
solvent concerns, 531
CMO. See Constant molal overflow (CMO) conditions
Co-ions in ion exchange, 974–975
Coalescence in mixer-settler design, 585–586
Cobalt chloride (CoCl2) solubility in water, 775
Cocurrent absorbers in HTU-NTU analysis, 736–738
Cocurrent flow patterns, 895–896
Coffee beans, caffeine extraction, 616
Coffee production, 610
Cohn equation, 828
Coke formation, 419
Colburn equations
cocurrent absorbers, 737
concentrated absorbers and strippers, 734–735
extraction mass transfer equations, 742
HETP and HTU relationship, 722
Collisions
crystallization, 801
Fickian binary gas diffusivities, 649
Colloidal silica (SiO2), 923
Column diameters
absorbers and strippers, 501–502
multicomponent distillation simulation, 244–245
Column distillation, 81
binary. See Binary column distillation
external column balances, 94–97
references, 98
Column mass balances
binary column distillation, 109
diffusion, 981
LUB approach, 994
multicomponent distillation, 256
Column sequences, synthesis of, 460–466
Columns, solute movement in, 930–932
Complex distillation methods, 271
azeotropic distillation with added solvents, 302–306
binary heterogeneous azeotropic, 273–282
breaking azeotropes, 272
with chemical reaction, 306–308
Complex ternary distillation systems, 287–288
absorption and stripping, 506
mixed distillate product, 342
multicomponent distillation, 36, 226, 232
residue curves, 291
three-phase flash calculations, 47
Component transfer velocities
independent fluxes, 687
steady-state binary Fickian diffusion, 640–641
azeotropic distillation, 305
binary distillation, 132
chemical reaction, 308
extractive distillation, 299
multicomponent distillation, 194–196, 198–199
Computers and computer simulations. See Aspen Chromatography, Aspen Plus, Simulations
Concentrated absorbers and strippers
McCabe-Thiele analysis, 497–501
Concentrated immiscible extraction, 547–551
Concentrated liquids, dissolving solid particles in, 668–669
Concentrated systems, liquid drop evaporation in, 666–667
Concentration polarization
ultrafiltration, 878, 880, 882
Concentration polarization modulus, 866
binary column distillation, 153
binary mass transfers, 663
diffuse waves, 964
diffusivity in dilute binary mixture, 635–636
extractive distillation, 298–299
linear chromatography, 989–991
linear solute movement, 937
multicomponent distillation, 194–199
nonlinear solute movement, 963–966
nonlinear sorption systems, 994–995
pressure swing adsorption, 953
steady-state diffusion, 633
Condensation and condensation temperature. See also Dew point calculations
azeotropic distillation, 304
batch distillation, 349
distillation cascades, 85–86, 90
energy conservation, 458
heat exchanger design, 444–445
vapor permeation, 838
Condensers
azeotropic distillation, 304
balancing calculated diameters, 397
binary batch distillation, 344
binary column distillation, 146, 149–151, 154
chemical reaction, 308
cooling water, 447
costs, 438, 443, 449–450, 453–454
flash distillation, 16
heat exchanger design, 445
heat transfer coefficients, 444–445
matrix solutions, 223
multicomponent distillation calculations, 229–231
multicomponent distillation profiles, 195
size, 443
tray efficiencies, 385
Condensing vapor in feed lines, 127
Conduction in Fickian model, 631
Congruent melting points in eutectic systems, 783
Conjugate lines
leaching, 613
partially miscible ternary systems, 555
Constant diffusivity in Fickian diffusion, 645
Constant flow rates
cooling crystallizers, 821
HTU-NTU analysis, 731
McCabe-Thiele and Kremser procedures, 605
single-solute analysis, 502
stage-by-stage solution methods, 111, 114
washing, 608
Constant molal overflow (CMO) conditions
benzene drying, example, 279
Fenske equation, 253
McCabe-Thiele method, 117, 139, 140, 161, 604
multicomponent distillation, 199–206, 225
multistage binary batch distillation, 353
open steam heating, 134–135, 137–138
packed distillation columns, 712
stage-by-stage methods, 111–116
stripping columns, 151
subcooled reflux, 159
Constant-mole batch distillation, 349–350
Constant pattern waves
nonlinear solute movement, 961, 965, 969
Constant reflux ratio, 353–357
Continuous crystallizers, 776–777
CSD analysis on seeds, 815–818
equilibrium and mass balances, 777–782
Continuous distillation, 339–341
Continuous water addition batch washing, 624
Contracting objects
binary mass transfer to, 661–664
Convection
description, 627
Fickian diffusion, 632–633, 640–647
absorbers and strippers, 506–507
Aspen Chromatography, 1023–1025, 1025–1027
Aspen Plus problems, 1047–1048
multicomponent flash distillation, 39–40
Naphtali-Sandholm method, 232–233
Newtonian, 39–45, 232–233, 506–507
simultaneous multicomponent flash, 42–47
Conversion of units, 1053–1054
Cooling
adiabatic flashing, 42
ammonia recovery, 302
batch crystallization, 821–822
distillation cascades, 85
temperature swing adsorption, 939
Cooling crystallizers, 776–777
equilibrium and mass balances, 777–782
Copper concentration in ion exchange, 976–977
Copper ores, leaching, 611
Copper sulfate (CuSO4)
crystallization, 773
solubility in water, 775
Correction factors in valve tray design, 406
Correlations
mass transfer coefficients, 670–682
Costs
capital. See Capital costs
design and operating effects, 445–454
heat exchanger design, 443–445
plant operating rates changes, 454–455
Counter-ions in ion exchange, 970
Countercurrent cascades
Countercurrent extraction cascades
external mass balances, 561–563
partially miscible systems, 561–569
stage-by-stage calculations, 563–567
Countercurrent immiscible extraction
batch, 552
description, 532
Countercurrent in membrane separation processes, 895–897
Counterflow
solute movement, 934
Crashouts, 823
Cross-flow permeation, 896–898, 914–916
Cross-flow systems
partially miscible systems, 558–561
Cross-sectional area in drum size calculations, 49–50, 52
Crossflow trays, 378
Crystal size distribution (CSD). See also Mixed suspension, mixed product removal (MSMPR) crystallizers
batch crystallization, 820–824
continuous cooling crystallizers, 780
continuous cooling crystallizers, 776–785
crystal size distributions, 800–814
evaporative and vacuum crystallizers, 785–793
submerged objects, 663
CSD. See Crystal size distribution (CSD)
Cumene
multicomponent batch distillation, 359–360
multicomponent distillation profiles, 195–199
total reflux, 289
Cumulative surface area/volume in MSMPR crystallizers, 808
gas permeation, 851
Cycle Organizer. See Aspen Chromatography
Cyclohexane
azeotropic distillation, 303
elution chromatography, 934–936
equilibrium data for anthracene-cyclohexane-activated alumina, 967
DAEs (differential, algebraic equations), 984
Dalton’s law, 35
Damping factor in multicomponent distillation, 205, 226
Das New gross Distiller Buch, 340
Debottlenecking, 158
Decane
vapor pressure, 284
Decanters. See also Settlers
Defining problem step in problem solving, 5
Degrees of freedom. See also Gibbs phase rule
absorption and stripping equilibria, 483
binary column distillation, 107
crystallization, 772
dilute systems, 532
enriching column, 151
multicomponent distillation, 189–190
multisolute absorption and stripping, 502
partially miscible ternary systems, 554
steam distillation, 285
stripping column, 151
Deicing, 783
Demisters
drum size calculations, 49
flash distillation, 16
staged column design, 382
Density unit conversions, 1053
Design effects on costs, 445–454
Design problems in column distillation, 91–92, 478–479
Design problems in membrane separators, 897–898, 912–913
Desorbents
displacement cycles, 938
simulated moving beds, 958–959
Desorption
packed beds, 978
Dew-point calculations
multicomponent, 34, 205, 208–209
simulations, 76
Dew-point temperatures with Goal Seek, 215
Dialysis, 838
Diameters
absorber and stripper columns, 501–502
multicomponent distillation, 244–245
settlers, 585
vacuum columns, 446
Dichloromethane, Henry’s Law constant, 485
Diethyl ether, 303
Difference equations in Maxwell-Stefan model, 687–688
Difference points in countercurrent extraction cascades, 563–567
Differential, algebraic equations (DAEs), 984
Differential condensation, 349
Differential equations
extraction mixers, 744, 746–747
Fickian diffusion, 635
MSMPR crystallizers, 804
pressure-swing processes, 951
Differential mass balance
Rayleigh equation, 342
reverse osmosis, 872
Differential mass distribution in MSMPR crystallizers, 809–810
Diffuse waves
ion exchange, 974
nonlinear solute movement, 961–965
Diffuser plates, 585
Diffusers, 579
Diffusion and diffusion models
advantages and disadvantages, 698
Fickian model. See Fickian diffusion
molecular, 630
Diffusive flux, 640–641, 645–646
description, 628
dilute binary mixture, 633–636
unit conversions, 1053
Dilute absorption, McCabe-Thiele solution, 485–489
Dilute binary mixture diffusivity, 633–636
Dilute fractional extraction, 539–543
Dilute gas bubbles, 664
Dilute liquids, dissolving solid particles in, 667–668
Dilute systems
absorbers and strippers, 502–504, 733–734
evaporating liquid drops, 665–666
reverse osmosis, 864
Dimensionless groups
mass transfer coefficients, 671–672, 682
mixer-settler design, 583
Dinitronaphthalene (DN), 992–993
Direct (open) steam heating, 132–138
Dispersed phase
mixer mass transfer coefficients, 751–752
resident time, 581
Dispersion, local equilibrium with, 985–986
Dispersion bands in settler design, 580–581
Displacement chromatography, 938
Dissolution solid particles, 667–670
Distillation
binary column. See Binary column distillation
column. See Column distillation
complex. See Complex distillation methods
flash. See Flash distillation
multicomponent. See Multicomponent distillation
simulations, 764–768. See also Aspen Plus
tray efficiency, 385–390, 738–741
Distillation column costs, 446
Distribution ratio for dilute systems, 534
Divalent ion exchange, 972–973
Divalent-monovalent ion exchange, 974–978
Divinylbenzene (DVB), 970
Do it step in in problem solving, 6
Do loops in VBA. See Visual Basic for Applications (VBA)
Double-pass trays, 378
Down time in batch distillation, 361
Downcomers
staged column design, 378–380, 433–436
tapouts, 382
Drinking water treatment, 947
Drip points in packed column design, 408
Driving force
description, 631
dialysis, 838
diffusion, 979
Fickian model, 632
membrane separation processes, 845
packed distillation columns, 714
reverse osmosis, 863
Drops and drop size
extraction mixers, 749
mixer mass transfer coefficients, 750–753
mixer-settler design, 580–581, 584
Drums
Drying
Dump points in sieve tray layout, 401
Economics, 437
design and operating effects, 445–455
ideal multicomponent distillation, 460–466
nonideal ternary systems, 466–470
Economy of scale in capital costs, 438
Efficiencies
column diameter calculations, 394
column distillation, 90, 154–156
dilute systems, 494
extraction mixers, 743–745, 748
mixer-settler design, 578
stripping analysis, 489
trays, 376–377, 385–390, 738–741
Electrodialysis (ED), 838, 840
Elution chromatography
analytical applications solution, 989–993
Lapidus and Amundson solution, 988–989
Empirical mass transfer coefficients, 677–679
Energy
unit conversions, 1053
absorbers and strippers, 504
batch distillation, 361
binary flash distillation, 26, 29–30
chemical reaction, 307
column distillation, 96–97, 106–112
condenser and reboiler size, 443
continuous cooling crystallizers, 781
dilute systems, 532
evaporative and vacuum crystallizers, 789–793
external column distillation, 94–97
heat transfer in sorption columns, 983
intermediate reboilers, 149
leaching, 611
McCabe-Thiele diagrams, 604
multicomponent distillation, 190–191
multistage binary batch distillation, 353
Naphtali-Sandholm simultaneous convergence method, 232–233
prerequisites, 8
rate-based analysis of distillation, 753
reboilers, 149
simultaneous multicomponent convergence, 43
solute movement theory, 984
Energy conservation in distillation, 437
ideal multicomponent distillation, 460–466
nonideal multicomponent distillation, 466–470
Energy transfer
packed beds for sorption systems, 978–984
rate-based distillation, 753–754
Enriching (rectifying) columns, 150–151
Enriching sections
binary column distillation, 150–151
distillation cascades, 86
multicomponent distillation, 204, 460–461
packed distillation columns, 715, 718–720
simulated moving beds, 958
Enthalpy calculation
binary column distillation, 95–96
binary flash distillation, 26
continuous cooling crystallizers, 781
feed lines, 128
multicomponent distillation, 230–231
multicomponent flash distillation, 39
Enthalpy-composition diagrams
binary flash distillation, 31–32
evaporative and vacuum crystallizers, 790–791
feed lines, 127
stage-by-stage methods, 111
Entrainment
azeotropic distillation, 302–305
batch steam distillation, 352
column diameter calculations, 390, 394
column distillation, 88
extractive distillation, 300
flash distillation, 16
leaching, 612
sieve tray layout, 401
staged column design, 381, 384
supercritical fluids, 616
washing, 606
Environmental effects of solvents, 301, 531
Equilateral triangular pitch for sieve trays, 398
Equilibrium
absorption ammonia in water, 486
absorption, irreversible, 508–509
binary VLE data, 18, 21–23, 57, 168, 273, 312, 320
binary VLE, graphical representation, 20–25
binary heterogeneous azeotrope, 273, 312, 320
bubble-point calculation, 200–204, 208
crystallization, 772–776, 782–785, 790
dew point calculation, 205, 208–209
evaporative and vacuum crystallizers, 790–793
extraction, immiscible, 534–535
extraction, partially miscible, 548, 553–556, 568, 593, 599
form and sources VLE data, 17–20
immiscible liquid VLE, 278–280
leaching, 613
relative volatilities, 30, 360
residue curves, 3-component VLE, 291–297
supercritical fluid, 616
three-phase VLLE, 47
washing, 607
Equilibrium stages
concept, 2
binary column distillation, 107
flash distillation, 16
multicomponent column distillation, 200
steam distillation, 351
Equimolar counter diffusion, 642–643, 687, 689
Equimolar transfer systems, 657–660
Equipment
evaporative and vacuum crystallizers, 785–787
flash distillation, 16
liquid-liquid extraction, 527–531
membrane separation processes, 840–843
Error functions
falling laminar liquid film, 675
Fickian diffusion, 639
Lapidus and Amundson solution, 985–986
values of, 986
Esters
polarity, 301
Ethane
adsorption isotherm, 924
antisolvent, 825
chemical reaction, 308
diffusivity for gases, 648
diffusivity for liquids, 652
Lennard-Jones potential parameters, 649
nonideal binary diffusion, 689–691
packed distillation columns, 717–720
Ethanol-water
azeotropic distillation, 303, 305
binary column distillation, 140–146
binary flash distillation, 27–30
distillation column diameter, 396–397
extractive distillation, 296–297
Ethanol-water-benzene residue curves, 293
Ethers, polarity, 301
Ethyl cellulose membranes, 849
Ethylene
adsorption isotherm, 924
Evaporating drops
ternary transfer from, 696–697
Evaporation
diffusion in high-temperature, 644–647
diffusion in low-temperature, 636–638
in pervaporation, 884, 893–895
Evaporative crystallizers, 776, 785
semibatch, 820
simultaneous calculations, 790–793
single-solute systems, 787–789
Excel spreadsheets. See Spreadsheets
Existing drums in flash distillation, 53
Expanding objects
binary mass transfer to, 661–664
Explore and think step in problem solving, 5
Extensive variables and Gibbs phase rule, 19
External column balances, 94–97
External mass balances
azeotropic processes, 281
concentrated immiscible extraction, 549
condenser and reboiler size, 443
countercurrent extraction cascades, 561–563
dilute fractional extraction, 541
extractive distillation, 298
gas permeation, 850
multicomponent distillation, 191–194, 290
pressure-swing processes, 286–287
reverse osmosis, 867
External porosity, 919
External reflux ratio, 95
Extraction. See also Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE)
mass transfer analysis, 741–753
mass transfer coefficients, 752–753
mass transfer equations, 741–743
McCabe-Thiele and Kremser procedures, 605
Extraction equilibrium in partially miscible ternary systems, 553–556
Extraction mixers
drop size, 749
Extractive distillation
F values in packed column design, 411–413, 417
Fair’s method
sieve tray column diameter calculations, 390–396
sieve tray entrainment, 394
sieve tray weeping, 402
laminar, ripples, 677
Feed-and-bleed mode
membrane separation processes, 843
Feed and feed systems
azeotropic distillation, 304
balances, mass and energy, 112–113
balancing calculated diameters, 397
column distillation, 90–91, 120–128
dilute fractional extraction, 541
elution chromatography, 935
extractive distillation, 300
Gilliland correlation, 260
McCabe-Thiele method, 118–128, 140–145
multicomponent distillation, 194, 200, 204
partially miscible single-stage extraction systems, 558
preheating, 473
stripping columns, 151
temperature swing adsorption, 946–947
two-enthalpy feed, 397
Feed flow rate
binary column distillation, 90, 115
multicomponent convergence, 42–43, 46
multicomponent distillation calculation procedures, 226
multicomponent flash distillation, 36–42
operating costs, 454
Feed mole fractions
binary flash distillation, 28
eutectic systems, 782
Feed plate locations, 120, 204–205, 260–261
Feedback loops
crystallization seeding, 816
MSMPR crystallizers, 813
Fenske-Underwood-Gilliland (FUG) approach, 249–262
example, 452
extractive distillation, 300
multicomponent batch distillation, 360
Fick, Adolph, 631
Fickian binary diffusivities
difficulties, 682
packed beds, 980
reverse osmosis, 872
steady-state, 633–638, 640–647
Film mass transfer
crystallization, 802
Films. See also Falling liquid film
dilute and equimolar transfer systems, 657–660
Finite reflux
Gilliland correlation, 259–262
Fires. See also Safety
packed bed, 983
structured packing, 419
temperature swing adsorption, 946–947
Flash distillation, 15
existing flash drums, 53
multicomponent convergence, 42–47
three-phase calculations, 47–48
VLE, binary, graphical representation, 20–25
Flooding
column diameter calculations, 390–395
column distillation, 88
HETP method, 410
sieve tray layout, 398–399, 401–402
valve tray design, 406
Flow parameter (FP)
rate-based analysis of distillation, 754
flash distillation, 51
gas permeation, 847
membrane separation processes, 843, 895–899
Flow programming, 938
Flow rates
absorbers and strippers, column diameter, 501–502
absorbers and strippers, concentrated, 504–506, 731
azeotropic processes, 276
batch distillation, 361
binary flash distillation, 30
column diameter calculations, 390
column distillation, 90, 93–95, 108, 110–114
concentrated immiscible extraction, 550–551
cooling crystallizers, 821
countercurrent extraction cascades, 561, 564
cross-flow extraction, 544
energy conservation, 455
extractive distillation, 298, 300
Kremser method, 538
McCabe-Thiele diagrams, 604
membrane separation processes, 845, 897–898
mixer-settler design, 575
multicomponent distillation calculation procedures, 225–230
multicomponent distillation profiles, 194–195
multistage binary batch distillation, 353
Naphtali-Sandholm method, 232
partially miscible systems, 559, 569
pressure swing adsorption, 955
profiles, 132
settler design, 582
simulated moving beds, 960
Flow reversal in adsorption, 1031–1036
Fluxes
diffusion, 980
Fickian model of diffusivity, 632, 634–635, 640–642, 645–647
film theory, 657
gas permeation, 846, 851, 855–856
linear driving-force model, 656–657
Maxwell-Stefan model, 683, 685–687
pervaporation, 892
transfer to expanding and contracting objects, 662
Foam regime in column distillation, 88
Foaming
Oldershaw columns, 390
sieve tray layout, 401
Food industry
membrane separation processes, 840
supercritical fluids, 616
For...Next loops in VBA. See Visual Basic for Applications (VBA)
Forward osmosis (FO), 865
Fouling in ultrafiltration, 878
Fraction feed in binary flash distillation, 26–27
Fraction of energy change in temperature swing adsorption, 941
Fractional contacts in dilute absorption, 488
Fractional crystallization, 815
Fractional entrainment, 394
Fractional extraction in dilute systems, 534, 539–543
Fractional recoveries
Fenske equation, 252
HNK, 205
multicomponent distillation, 190–194, 200
Fractional stages
liquid-liquid extraction, 567
McCabe-Thiele method, 119, 140, 145
open steam heating, 137
Fractionation Research Institute (FRI), 386–387
Fractions
McCabe-Thiele diagrams, 604
multicomponent simple batch distillation, 360
Fracturing crystals, 799
Freezing point depression in crystallization, 776
Friction factor
mass transfer coefficients, 681
Frictional loss in sieve tray layout, 400
Frits, 919
Froth regime
rate-based analysis of distillation, 754–755
Fructose (C6H12O6)
adsorption equilibrium constant, 926
solubility in water, 775
FUG (Fenske-Underwood-Gilliland) approach, 249–262
equilibrium stages, 452
extractive distillation, 300
multicomponent distillation, 360
Fundamental equation of chromatography, 991–992
Furfural
dilute systems, 535
extractive distillation, 300–301
Furfural-water 3-phase system, 74–75
Gas bubbles in binary mass transfer, 664
Gas flow rates
absorber and stripper column diameter, 501
binary column distillation efficiency, 154
binary crossflow, 896–898, 914–916
perfectly mixed systems, binary, 848–858
perfectly mixed systems, multicomponent, 858–860
Gas plant absorption and stripping, 481–482, 523–525
Gaussian solution for linear chromatography, 989–991
Gear’s method, 292
Gel
diffusivity, 651
sorbents, 923
General empirical form for costs, 440
Generalize step in in problem solving, 6
Geometric average relative volatility in Fenske equation, 251
absorption and stripping, 483, 502
binary column distillation, 107
crystallization, 772
dilute systems, 532
ternary systems, 554
Gilliland correlation
equilibrium stages, 452
Global water crisis, 862
Glucose (C6H12O6)
adsorption equilibrium constant, 926
solubility in water, 775
Glycols polarity, 301
Goal Seek
crystallization seeding, 816–817
ion exchange, 973
mixer-settler design, 583
packed column design, 416
stage-by-stage calculations, 213, 215
Underwood equations, 257
gPROMS solver, 984
Gradients
sieve tray layout, 400
solute movement, 938
valve tray design, 406
Grafted polymers membranes, 844
Gram mole, 629
Graphical analysis prerequisites, 8
Graphical representation
binary column distillation, 161–162
Green processes, 531
Growth of MSMPR crystallizers, 800–805
Growth rate dispersion, 804
Heat capacities
binary flash distillation, 26
simultaneous multicomponent convergence, 43, 45
Heat exchangers
balancing calculated diameters, 397
multicomponent distillation, 462
pervaporation, 886
Heat pumps, 459
analogy with mass transfer, 631–632, 651, 672, 680–682, 754
batch crystallization, 821
continuous cooling crystallizers, 776
dimensionless groups, 672
energy balances, 983
Fourier’s model of thermal diffusivity, 631
heat exchanger design, 443–445
linear driving-force model, 657–658
mass transfer coefficients, 681–682
rate-based analysis of distillation, 753–754
temperature swing adsorption, 941
Heavy key (HK)
definition, 190
extractive distillation, 300
multicomponent distillation, 190, 192–193
n-pentane, in example, 197–198
definition, 190
Fenske equation, 253
multicomponent distillation, 190, 193, 225
Underwood equations, 254
Height of equipment
staged column design, 446
Height of equivalent theoretical plate (HETP)
Bolles and Fair correlation, 723
linear chromatography, 990
Height of transfer unit (HTU)
Bolles and Fair correlation, 723
mass transfer coefficients, 671
Helium (He)
diffusivity in gases, 648
diffusivity in liquids, 652
molecule movement, 630
permeability, 849
Hemodialysis, 838
Hemoglobin diffusivity, 652
Henry’s law
absorber efficiencies, 496
absorption and stripping equilibria, 483–485
azeotropic processes, 278
binary mass transfer, 664
film theory, 660
oxygen bubbles, 664
Heptane
dilute system equilibrium data, 535
equilibrium data, methylcyclohexane-heptane-aniline, 593
extractive distillation, 298–300
Heterogeneous, binary azeotropic distillation processes
drying organic compounds, 277–282
single-column systems, 273–274
Heterogeneous nucleation, 801
HETP. See Height of equivalent theoretical plate (HETP)
Heuristics
liquid-liquid extraction, 529, 581
synthesis ideal multicomponent distillation, 463–466
synthesis nonideal multicomponent distillation (operational suggestions), 466–470
Hexane
azeotropic distillation, 303
column diameter calculations, 395
diffusivity in gases, 648
heat capacity, latent heat and boiling point data, 45
High-velocity liquid feeds, 381
Hofmeister series, 827
Holes
gas permeation membranes, 860–862
membrane separation processes, 845
Hollow-fiber modules and systems
gas permeation, 846
membrane separation processes, 840–841
HTU (height of transfer unit)
Bolles and Fair correlation, 723
mass transfer coefficients, 671
HTU-NTU analysis, 711
Aspen Plus, 764
concentrated absorbers and strippers, 731–736
extraction mass transfer equations, 741–743
packed distillation columns, 712–720
Human serum albumin, adsorption equilibrium constant, 926
Hybrid systems
gas permeation, 857
pervaporation, 886
Hydrates
continuous cooling crystallizers, 779–782
crystallization, 773
eutectic systems, 783
evaporative crystallizers, 789
Hydraulics
Hydrocarbons
azeotropic distillation, 303
column type choices, 419
environmental concerns, 531
extractive distillation, 301
petroleum processing, 528
polarity, 301
Hydrochloric acid in ion exchange, 970
Hydrodynamic flow properties in binary column distillation efficiency, 154
Hydrogen (H)
adsorption isotherm, 924
diffusivity for gases, 648
diffusivity for liquids, 652
permeability, 849
pressure swing adsorption, 951–956
purge gas systems, 934
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
Henry’s law constants, 484
removal by absorption, 481–482
Hydrophilic membranes
pervaporation, 884
ultrafiltration, 878
Hydrophobic membranes
pervaporation, 884
ultrafiltration, 878
IAS (ideal adsorbed solution) theory, 927
Ice, deicing, 783
Ideal adsorbed solution (IAS) theory, 927
Ideal gas values, 1054
Ideal Model simulations, 72
Ideal multicomponent distillation, 460–466
Ideal ternary systems, 691–695
Immiscible extraction
Impellers
drop swarms in mixers, 751–752
Impurity removal step in crystallization, 771
Incongruent melting points, 783–784
independent fluxes in Maxwell-Stefan model, 686–687
Index of Learning Styles, 9
Indexes, CEPCI, 439
Indirect cooling in continuous cooling crystallizers, 776–777
Infinite dilution coefficients, 36
Inherent rejection
reverse osmosis, 868
ultrafiltration, 879
Inlets in staged column design, 380–384
Instantaneous breakthrough in solute movement, 984
Integration
batch steam distillation, 351–352
concentrated absorbers and strippers, 732–735
constant-mole batch distillation, 350
distillation columns, 457, 713–716, 718–720
extraction mixers, 745
immiscible extraction, 553
mass transfer, 663, 667–671, 742
mixed distillate product, 342
multicomponent distillation, 358–359
multistage binary batch distillation, 352–353, 355–356
population balances, 799
pressure swing adsorption, 955–956
simple binary batch distillation, 344–348
tray efficiencies, 739
Intensive variables in Gibbs phase rule, 19
Intercrystal porosity, 920
Interfacial concentration in MSMPR crystallizers, 803
Interfacial mole fractions
binary mass transfer, 662, 664–666
concentrated absorbers and strippers, 732–733
equimolar transfer systems, 658–659
packed distillation columns, 714–716
ternary mass transfer, 696
Interfacial tensions
mixer mass transfer, 751
Intermediate condensers, 149–151
Intermediate product streams, 82–83, 85–86
Intermediate reboilers, 149–151
Internal balances in binary column distillation, 106–110
Internal porosity in sorption systems, 919
elution chromatography, 936
local equilibrium with dispersion, 985
pressure-swing processes, 954
shock waves, 967
simulated moving beds, 959
solute movement, 930, 932, 984
sorption systems, 920
temperature swing adsorption, 939
Intracrystal porosity, 920
Inversion of matrices, 224–225
Inverted batch distillation, 340
Inverted sequences in multicomponent distillation, 460–461
Aspen Chromatography, 1036–1038
practical design and operation, 998–1000
Ion waves, 974
Ionic liquids, 531
Ions in reverse osmosis, 863
Iron sulfide (FeS) precipitation on structured packing, 419
Irreversible absorption, 481, 508–510
Isobaric periods in pressure swing adsorption, 951
Isobutane
diffusivity, 648
Isobutylene, MTBE from, 308
Isooctane-toluene HETP values for Pall rings, 410
Isomers in extractive distillation, 302
Isopropanol-water VLE data, 1052
Isopropyl acetate distribution ratio, 534
Isopropyl ether in countercurrent extraction, 567–568
Isotherms
binary flash distillation, 31
enthalpy-composition diagrams, 31–32
linear chromatography, 989–990, 992–993
local equilibrium with dispersion, 986–987
pressure swing adsorption, 951
solute movement, 930–934, 961–969, 983–984
Isotropic membranes, 845
K values
extractive distillation, 298
multicomponent distillation, 36–42, 201–204, 228
multicomponent hydrocarbon VLE, 32–35
selection guide for correlations, 37
three-phase flash calculations, 47
Kettle-type reboilers, 381
Key components
definition, 190
extractive distillation, 300
Fenske equation, 253
multicomponent distillation, 190, 192–193, 225
Underwood equations, 254
Kidneys, artificial, 838
Kinetic adsorption processes, 922
Kinetic theory of gases, 647–650
Kinetic transfer steps in crystallization, 800–801
Knudsen diffusion, 980
Kremser equation
concentrated immiscible extraction, 549–551
dilute systems, 490–495, 538–539, 543
HETP and HTU relationship, 720, 722
leaching, 612
miscellaneous separations, 617–618
multisolute absorption and stripping, 502–504
relative volatility, 512
washing, 609
Laminar flow in reverse osmosis, 873–874
Lang factor for capital costs, 438
Langmuir isotherms
nonlinear solute movement, 962–963, 965–969
Langmuir-Freundlich isotherms, 925
Lapidus and Amundson solution
linear chromatography, 989
local equilibrium with dispersion, 985–986
Latent heat of evaporation in batch distillation, 361
Latent heat of steam in temperature swing adsorption, 946
Latent heat of vaporization
binary flash distillation, 26
column distillation, 95–96, 111
energy balances, 231
open steam heating, 134
solvent selection factor, 531
vacuum crystallizers, 790
Latex particles in ultrafiltration, 881–883
McCabe-Thiele and Kremser procedures, 605
references, 618
Lead iodide (PbI2) in precipitation, 826–828
Leaning towers, 425
Length/diameter ratio in drum size calculations, 49
Length of unused bed (LUB) approach, 993–999
Length unit conversions, 1053–1054
Lennard-Jones potential parameters, 649
binary flash distillation, 25
equilibrium data, 18
multicomponent distillation profiles, 195–197
packed distillation columns, 712
Lever-arm rule
countercurrent extraction cascades, 566
liquid-liquid extraction, 556–558
Lewis method, 111, 114–116, 161–162
Liber de arte distillandi, 340
Light key (LK)
definition, 190
multicomponent distillation, 190
n-butane, 193
Light non-key (LNK)
definition, 190
Fenske equation, 253
multicomponent distillation, 190, 192, 225
Underwood equations, 254
Limiting operating conditions in distillation, 151–154
Linear chromatography
Linear driving-force model
mass transfer coefficients, 673
mass transfer for binary systems, 656–670
mass transfer through stagnant films, 660–661
mass transfer to expanding and contracting objects, 661–664
shrinking diameter of oxygen bubble, 664–669
Linear growth rate
batch crystallization, 821
crystallization seeding, 818
Linear isotherms
linear chromatography, 992–993
pressure swing adsorption, 951
Linear-Langmuir isotherms, 925
Linear solute movement analysis, 934–938
Linear systems
solute movement analysis, chromatography applications, 930–938
solute movement analysis, temperature and pressure swing adsorption, 938–961
Linoleic acid, 535
Liquefied oxygen in multieffect systems, 459
Liquid ammonia in azeotropic distillation, 302
Liquid density in drum size calculations, 51–52
Liquid distributors in packed column design, 408
Liquid drops, evaporating, 665–667
Liquid feed in flash distillation, 16
Liquid-liquid chromatography, 990
Liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE), 572
Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), 527
Aspen Plus, 1051
dilute fractional extraction, 539–543
immiscible extraction, batch, 551–553
immiscible extraction, concentrated, 547–551
immiscible extraction, single-stage and cross-flow, 543–547
McCabe-Thiele method, 532–538, 569–570
mixing calculations and lever-arm rule, 556–558
nomenclature, 533
partially miscible systems, countercurrent extraction cascades, 561–569
partially miscible systems, McCabe-Thiele and triangular diagrams, 569–570
partially miscible systems, minimum solvent rate, 570–572
partially miscible systems, single-stage and cross-flow, 558–561
partially miscible systems, ternary, 553–556
processes and equipment, 527–531
Liquid-liquid settlers. See Decanters, Settlers
Liquid-liquid-vapor systems, 47–48
Liquid membranes, 838
Liquid-phase activity coefficients. See Activity coefficients
Liquid volume in drum size calculations, 50
Lithium chloride (LiCl) solubility in water, 775
LLE. See Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE)
Local equilibrium with dispersion, 985–986
Local mass transfer coefficient, 676
Low-velocity liquid feeds in staged column design, 381
LUB (length of unused bed) approach, 993–999
Lumped parameter mass transfer in sorption columns, 981–983
LVC. See Less volatile component (LVC)