Contents

Chapter 1   Introduction to interfacing

1.1     The need for digital interfaces

1.1.1    Transparent links

1.1.2    The need for standards

1.1.3    Digital interfaces and programme quality

1.2     Analog and digital communication compared

1.3     Quantization, binary data and word length

1.4     Serial and parallel communications

1.5     Introduction to interface terminology

1.5.1    Data rate versus baud rate

1.5.2    Synchronous, asynchronous and isochronous communications

1.5.3    Uni- and bi-directional interfaces

1.5.4    Clock signals

1.5.5    Multiplexing

1.5.6    Buffering

1.6     Introduction to networks

1.7     The electrical interface

1.7.1    Balanced and unbalanced compared

1.7.2    Electrical interface standards

1.7.3    Transmission lines

1.7.4    Cables

1.7.5    Connectors

1.8     Optical interfaces

1.8.1    Fibre principles

1.8.2    Light sources and connectors

1.9     Timebase recovery in interfacing

References

Chapter 2   An introduction to digital audio and video

2.1     What is an audio signal?

2.2     Types of audio signal

2.3     What is a video signal?

2.4     Types of video signal

2.5     What is a digital signal?

2.6     Why digital?

2.7     The information content of an analog signal

2.8     Introduction to conversion

2.8.1    Sampling and aliasing

2.8.2    Reconstruction

2.8.3    Filter design

2.8.4    Sampling clock jitter

2.8.5    Aperture effect

2.8.6    Choice of audio sampling rate

2.8.7    Choice of video sampling rate

2.8.8    Quantizing

2.8.9    Quantizing error

2.8.10  Dither

2.9     Binary codes for audio

2.10   Binary codes for video

2.11   Requantizing and digital dither

2.12   Introduction to compression

2.13   Introduction to audio compression

2.14   Introduction to video compression

References

Chapter 3   Digital transmission

3.1     Introduction

3.2     Types of transmission channel

3.3     Transmission lines

3.4     Equalization and data separation

3.5     Slicing and jitter rejection

3.6     Channel coding

3.7     Simple codes

3.8     Group codes

3.9     Randomizing and encryption

3.10   Synchronizing

3.11   Basic error correction

3.12   Concealment by interpolation

3.13   Parity

3.14   Block and convolutional codes

3.15   Cyclic codes

3.16   The Galois field

3.17   Introduction to the Reed–Solomon codes

3.18   Correction by erasure

3.19   Interleaving

3.20   Product codes

3.21   Networks

3.22   MPEG packets and time stamps

3.23   Program clock reference

3.24   Transport stream multiplexing

Appendix 3.1 Calculation of Reed–Solomon generator polynomials

References

Chapter 4   Dedicated audio interfaces

4.1     Background to dedicated audio interfaces

4.2     Background to internationally standardized interfaces

4.3     Standard two-channel interface – principles

4.3.1    Data format

4.3.2    Audio resolution

4.3.3    Balanced electrical interface

4.3.4    Unbalanced electrical interface

4.3.5    Optical interface

4.3.6    Coaxial interface

4.3.7    Multipin connector

4.4     Sampling rate related to data rate

4.5     Auxiliary data in the standard two-channel interface

4.6     The validity (V) bit

4.7     The user (U) channel

4.7.1    HDLC packet scheme (AES18-1992)

4.7.2    Consumer applications of the user bit

4.7.3    Applications of the user bit in Compact Disc and MiniDisc systems

4.7.4    Applications of the user bit in DAT systems

4.8     Channel status data

4.8.1    Format of channel status

4.8.2    Professional and consumer usage compared

4.8.3    Professional usage

4.8.4    Levels of professional channel status implementation

4.8.5    Overview of channel status in consumer applications

4.8.6    Category codes in consumer channel status

4.8.7    SCMS and copy protection

4.8.8    SCMS in DAT machines

4.8.9    Channel status in consumer CD machines

4.9     Data-reduced audio over standard two-channel interfaces

4.9.1    General principles

4.9.2    Data-reduced consumer formats

4.9.3    Data-reduced professional formats

4.10   AES42 digital microphone interface

4.10.1  Principles

4.10.2  Powering

4.10.3  Remote control and status reporting

4.10.4  Synchronization

4.11   The standard multichannel interface (MADI)

4.11.1  Format of the multichannel interface

4.11.2  Electrical characteristics

4.12   Manufacturer-specific interfaces

4.12.1  Sony digital interface for LPCM (SDIF-2)

4.12.2  Sony digital interface for DSD (SDIF-3)

4.12.3  Sony multichannel DSD interface (MAC-DSD)

4.12.4  Tascam digital interface (TDIF)

4.12.5  Alesis digital interface

4.12.6  Roland R-bus

4.12.7  Mitsubishi digital interfaces

4.12.8  Sony to Mitsubishi conversion

4.12.9  Yamaha interface

References

Chapter 5   Carrying real-time audio over computer interfaces

5.1     Introduction to carrying audio over computer interfaces

5.2     Audio over FireWire (IEEE 1394)

5.2.1    Basic FireWire principles

5.2.2    Audio and Music Data Transmission Protocol

5.2.3    Clock synchronization

5.3     Audio over universal serial bus (USB)

5.3.1    Basic USB principles

5.3.2    Audio over USB

5.3.3    Clock synchronization

5.4     AES47: audio over ATM

5.5     ISDN

5.6     CobraNet

5.7     MAGIC

5.8     MOST

5.9     BSS SoundWeb

5.10   Digital content protection

References

Chapter 6   Practical audio interfacing

6.1     The importance of synchronization

6.2     Choice of sync reference

6.2.1    AES recommendations

6.2.2    Other forms of external sync reference

6.3     Distribution of sync references

6.4     Clock accuracy considerations

6.4.1    Causes and effects of jitter on the interface signal

6.4.2    Audio sampling frequency

6.4.3    Sample clock jitter and effects on sound quality

6.5     Use and function of sampling frequency synchronizers

6.5.1    Frame alignment

6.5.2    Buffering

6.5.3    Sampling frequency conversion

6.6     Considerations in video environments

6.6.1    Relationships between video frame rates and audio sampling rates

6.6.2    Referencing of VTRs with digital audio tracks

6.6.3    Timecode in the standard two-channel interface

6.7     Compatibility issues in audio interfacing

6.7.1    Incompatibilities between devices using the standard two-channel interface

6.7.2    Electrical mismatch in professional systems

6.7.3    Data mismatch in professional systems

6.7.4    Electrical mismatch between consumer and professional systems

6.7.5    Data mismatch between consumer and professional systems

6.8     Handling differences in audio signal rate and resolution

6.9     Analysing the digital audio interface

6.9.1    Eye pattern and pulse-width testing

6.9.2    Security margin estimation

6.9.3    Error checking

6.9.4    Other tests

6.10   Interface transceiver chips

6.11   Routers and switchers

6.12   Other useful products

6.12.1 Interface format convertors

6.12.2 Digital headphones

6.13   A brief troubleshooting guide

References

Chapter 7   Digital video interfaces

7.1     Introduction

7.2     Areas of standardization

7.3     Digitizing component video

7.4     Structure of SD component digital

7.5     Structure of HD component digital

7.6     Synchronizing

7.7     Component ancillary data

7.8     The SD parallel interface

7.9     The HD parallel interface

7.10   The composite digital parallel interface

7.10.1  PAL interface

7.10.2  NTSC interface

7.11   Serial digital video interfaces

7.11.1  Standard definition serial digital interface (SDI)

7.11.2  SDTI

7.11.3  ASI

7.11.4  High definition serial digital interface (HD-SDI)

7.12   Digital video interfacing chipsets

7.13   Embedded audio in SDI

7.14   EDH – error detection and handling

References

Chapter 8   Practical video interfacing

8.1     Digital video routing

8.2     Timing in digital installations

8.3     Configuring SDI links

8.4     Testing digital video interfaces

8.5     Signature analysis

8.6     Margining

8.7     Protocol testing

Index

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