requantizing, 70
video analysers, 361
video interfaces testing, 353
AAC see advanced audio coding
Absolute signature analysis, 356
Adaptation process, 144
ADAT multichannel optical digital interface, 216–217
ADCs see A/D convertors
Addition:
binary data streams, 66
Advanced ADC requantizing, 70
Advanced audio coding (AAC), 81
AES standard:
MADI, 206
AES/EBU:
see also dedicated audio interfaces
codes, 103
error correction, 112
routers, 350
AES3 interfaces, 170, 174–175, 192–193, 203–204
AES3-1997, 252
AES3-format, 254
AES11 standard:
reference signals, 249
signal distribution, 249
synchronization, 189
timing limits, 247
AES42 digital microphone interfaces, 203–206
conceptual example, 205
principles, 204
remote control, 205
status reporting, 205
ATM cells, 238
Alesis digital interface, 216–217
American National Standards Institute see ANSI
Analog alongside digital routers, 350
Analog communication:
information content, 37
noise, 4
video types, 29
Analog waveform testing, 353, 354
Analog Y/C timing, 361
Ancillary data:
error detection and handling, 344
NTSC, 335
PAL, 334
routing, 347
ANSI standard, 206
Anti-aliasing terminology, 45
Aperture effect, conversion, 48–51
Application-specific data blocks, 231
Artefacts, scanned image levels, 302
ASI see asynchronous serial interface
Asynchronous:
packets, 227
sample rates, 284
Asynchronous serial interface (ASI), 324
Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), 235–238
Attenuation, audio signals, 65
Audio control packet structure, 339
Audio Engineering Society see AES
Audio extractors, 341
Audio insertion units, 340
Audio interfacing:
see also dedicated audio interfaces
headphones, 284
interface format converters, 283–284
sampling frequency synchronizers, 259–262
security margin estimation, 279
signal rate v. resolution differences, 276–277
troubleshooting guide, 284–285
Audio and Music Data Transmission Protocol, 228–231
Audio resolution:
aux bits usage, 188
two-channel interfaces, 164–165
Audio sampling frequency, 253–256
Audio sampling rates, 51–54, 263–264
Audio signals:
attenuation, 65
definition, 27
Aux bits, 188
Balanced interfaces, 16–18, 165–168
Baud rate definition, 8
BER (bit error rate), 112, 113, 353
Bi-directional interfaces, definition, 9–10
Binary codes:
stream addition, 66
bi-phase mark code, 163
see also FM codes
Bit error rate see BER
Block repetition rates, 178
BSS SoundWeb, 241
Buffering, 259, 260–261, 339, 341
Burst errors, 141
Burst size distribution, 138
clones, 358
HF loss model, 253
margin testing, 358
maximum length, 319
SDI, 319
troubleshooting, 285
Cameras, 50
Carrier sense multiple access with collision detect (CSMA/CD) protocol, 146
Category codes, 197
Cathode ray tubes (CRTs), 51
CCD:
cameras, 50
sensors, 51
CCI see copy control information
CCRI (International Radio Consultative Committee):
see also ITU
601 recommendations, 293–294, 296
standards, 160
CD (Compact Disc) systems:
CD-R, 283
channel status, 201
clock accuracy, 258
recording type, 283
user bit applications, 180–181
CFF see critical flicker frequency
Channel coding systems, 101–102
clock paths, 100
major components, 102
spectra control, 105
Channel identification, USBs, 235
aux bits, 188
consumers:
applications overview, 194–197
category codes, 197
CD machines, 201
professional usage comparison, 184–185
Cyclic Redundancy Check, 192
destination identification, 190–191
multichannel modes, 188
professional:
consumer usage comparison, 184–185
sampling frequency status, 188–190
Serial Copy Management System, 197–201
source identification, 190–191
Checking matrix, parity, 120
Chien search, 131
Chipsets:
digital video interfaces, 325–332
SDI cable drivers, 330
CIP (common isochronous packet) layers, 228–229, 232
AES3-1997, 252
audio sampling frequency, 253–256
CDs, 258
IEC60958 channel status, 196
Clock content, SDIF-2 signals, 212
Clock paths, channel coding systems, 100
Clock signals, definition, 10
Clock synchronization, 231–232, 234–235
CMRR see common mode rejection ratio
Coaxial interfaces, 170
Codebooks, MADI, 106
Codes:
clock paths, 100
simple codes, 103
Codewords, 115
cyclic codes, 120
puncturing, 125
Reed–Solomon, 130
shortening, 125
Colour television, 30
Common isochronous packet (CIP) layers, 228–229, 232
Common mode rejection ratio (CMRR), 17
Compact Disc systems see CD systems
Companding coding tools, 79–80
Compatibility issues, audio, 267–276
Component ancillary data, 304–306
Component data, demultiplexing, 333
Component digital structure, HD, 298–302
Components:
channel coding systems, 102
high definition serial digital interface, 334
standard definition serial digital interface, 320
Composite digital parallel interfaces, 310–317
Compound data blocks, 230
Compression systems:
motion-compensated, 83
systems, 75
see also PCs
Concatenation, words, 111
Concealment by interpolation, 114
troubleshooting, 285
25 pin D-type, 307
Consumer/professional systems:
impedance matching, 274
applications:
channel status:
category codes, 197
CD machine data, 201
electrical interfaces, 169
formats, data-reduced, 202–203
Conversion:
pulse code modulation, 33
Convolutional interleaving, 139, 140
Convolutional randomizing, 108–109
Coordination links, 172
Copy control information (CCI), 242–243
Correction by erasure, 134–136
Counters, non-sequential values, 126
‘Crash knee’ characteristics, 319, 350–351
CRC see cyclic redundancy check
Critical flicker frequency (CFF), 31
Cross-interleaving, 140
Crosspoint routers, 282
Crosstalk, transmission, 48
CRTs (cathode ray tubes), 51
CSMA/CD (carrier sense multiple access with collision detect) protocol, 146
Cyclic redundancy check (CRC) code, 121, 124–125, 129
channel status data, 192
data mismatch, 271
error detection and handling, 342, 344
D-type connectors, 307
video interfaces testing, 353
DAB (digital audio broadcasting), 37
DAC see D/A convertors
DARS (digital audio reference signal), 246
Data:
Data format:
troubleshooting, 285
two-channel interfaces, 162–164
Data mismatch:
professional systems, 270–272, 275–276
Data packets, 338
Data rate:
definition, 8
HD component digital structure, 301
sampling rate relationship, 171
standardization, 301
Data-reduced audio coding systems, 201–202
Data-reduced audio over two-channel interfaces, 201–203
Data-reduced consumer formats, 202–203
Data-reduced professional formats, 203
Data transport protocols, 225
DC transmission, 89, 94, 96, 97
Decoders:
MPEG-2, 154
Dedicated audio interfaces, 158–223
AES 42 digital microphones, 203–206
data rate/sampling rate relationship, 171
data-reduced audio over two-channel
manufacturer-specific, 210–221
Demultiplexing component data, 333
Demultiplexing devices, 333
Destination identification, 190–191
Detent, period, transmission, 98
Digital audio broadcasting (DAB), 37
Digital audio reference signal (DARS), 246
Digital content protection, 241–243
Digital input troubleshooting, 285
Digital signals, definition, 32–35
Digital systems, choice reasons, 35–37
Digital Theatre Systems see DTS
Digital v. analogue comparison, 4–5
Digital video broadcasting (DVB), 37
Digital video interfaces, 287–345
component ancillary data, 304–306
component digital structure, 297–298
composite digital parallel interfaces, 310–317
digitizing component video, 290–297
embedded audio in SDI, 332–342
error detection and handling, 342–345
HD component digital structure, 298–302
HD parallel interfaces, 310
NTSC interfaces, 311–312, 316–317
SD component digital structure, 297–298
SD parallel interfaces, 306–310
serial digital video interfaces, 317–325
Digital video routing, 346–348
Digital video tape recorders (DVTRs), 53, 265
signature analysis, 357
Digitizing component video, 290–297
SD sampling, 293
Direct Stream Digital see DSD
Distance losses, transmission, 93
Distortion, quantizing, 60
Distribution:
AES11 reference signals, 249
synchronization reference, 249–251
quantizing, 63
simple systems, 73
Dolby Digital coding systems, 201, 203
DSD (Direct Stream Digital) SDIF-3, 214–215
DTS (Digital Theatre Systems) coding systems, 201, 203
DVB (digital video broadcasting), 37
DVB-ASI use, 108
DVD applications, 243
DVTRs (digital video tape recorders), 53, 265
signature analysis, 357
Early token release (ETR), 148
EBU (European Broadcasting Union), 160, 188
see also AES/EBU
EDH see error detection and handling
EIAJ (Electronic Industries Association of
Electrical mismatch, 268–270, 272–275
Electronic Industries Association of Japan
see EIAJ
Embedded audio in SDI, 332–342
525 line systems, 340
audio control packets, 339
audio extractors, 341
data packets, 338
demultiplexing devices, 333
levels, 335
NTSC ancillary data, 335
PAL ancillary data, 334
Error correction:
examples, 134
input/output graph, 117
strategy subdivisions, 113
syndromes, 135
Error detection and handling (EDH) systems, 342–345
see also parity; signature analysis
ancillary data space, 344
Error location examples, 134
CobraNet, 239
ETR see early token release
European Broadcasting Union see EBU
Exclusive-OR gates, 108, 115, 121–122
Extended data packet structure, 338
External synchronization reference, 246–248
Eye patterns:
MADI decoding, 209
two-channel interfaces, 167
FDDI (Fibre-Distributed Digital Interface)
protocol, 206
FDM (frequency division multiplexing), 14
Fibre-Distributed Digital Interface (FDDI)
protocol, 206
Film see video
FireWire standard (IEEE 1394), 226–232
audio/music data transmission protocol, 228–231
USBs, 232
525 line system:
59.94 video standards, 289
frame sequences, 340
Flywheeling loops, 99
FM codes, 103
FM encoding, 104
Formats:
see also data formats
channel status data, 183–184, 187, 190, 195–196
data-reduced consumer, 202–203
Four clock periods, check bits, 122
Four-bit two’s complement code, 67
Frames:
see also packets
525 line system, 340
sequences, 340
Frequency division multiplexing (FDM), 14
Galois field, 126–128, 132–133
Gaussian thermal noise, 111
GOP see group of pictures
Group of pictures (GOP), 76, 84–85, 86
see also MPEG
HAS see human auditory system
HD component digital structure, 298–302
data rate standardization, 301
HD parallel interfaces, 310
HD-SDI (high definition serial digital interface), 324–325, 334
HDLC packet schemes (AES18-1992), 176–178
Headphones, 284
High definition serial digital interface (HD-SDI), 324–325, 334
Human auditory system (HAS), 76, 79
ID codes, packet types, 336
IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission), 160
958 standard, 168
60958 channel status, 196
clock accuracy, 196
data-reduced audio coding systems, 202
sampling frequency, 196
standard, 202
IIR (impulse response filters), 43, 108
Impedance matching, 274
Impulse response (IIR) filters, 43, 108
Incompatibility issues, two-channel interfaces, 268
Information units (IUs), 179
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), 238
Interface format converters, 283–284
Interfacing:
Interlaced systems, 31
random errors, 140
Internet Protocol (IP), 239
Intra-coding, 82
IP (Internet Protocol), 239
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network), 238
Isochronous communication definition, 8–9
Isochronous data multiplexing, 145
Isochronous packets, 227
ITU-R see CCRI
IUs see information units
clock accuracy, 46–48, 252–253, 255
link bandwidth, 255
video interfaces testing, 354
LANS (local area networks), 239
Large system signal timing, 349
Latches, 120
Least Significant Bit (LSB), 57
see also quantizing
LEDs (Light-Emitting Diodes), 25
Length:
transport stream packets, 151
Levels, embedded audio in SDI, 335
Light pipe see ADAT multichannel optical digital interface
Light sources, connectors, 25–26
Lines, transmission, 19–21, 91–94
Link bandwidth, jitter, 255
Local area networks (LANs), 239
Long line reception, 167
LPCM (SDIF-2) digital interface, 210–214
LSB (Least Significant Bit), 57
see also quantizing
M-LAN protocol, 228
MADI (Multichannel Audio Digital Interface) standard, 106, 206–210
4/5-bit encoding, 208
electrical characteristics, 209–210
eye patterns, 209
reception, 209
transmission, 209
MAGIC (Media-accelerated Global Information Carrier), 240
Manchester code, 103
Manufacturer-specific interfaces, 210–221
Roland R-bus, 217
Sony digital interface, 210–215
synchronization patterns, 213
Tascam digital interface, 215–216
Media-accelerated Global Information Carrier (MAGIC), 240
Media-oriented synchronous transfer (MOST), 240–241
Mitsubishi digital interface, 217–220
Sony conversion, 220
Modulo-2 addition, 107
MOST (media-oriented synchronous transfer), 240–241
Motion-compensated compression systems, 83
MPEG, 75
AAC, 81
data-reduced audio coding systems, 201, 203
networks, 146
decoders, 154
program clock reference, 153
Multichannel audio interface standard see MADI
Multichannel modes, 188
Multipin connectors, 170
Multiplexing:
isochronous data, 145
networks, 145
packets, 145
statistical, 155
transmission, 145
Multitrack interfaces, 218
Music data transmission protocol, 228–231
adaptation process, 144
configurations, 143
MPEG, 146
multiplexing, 145
radial, 15
reservation bits, 148
small, 142
Nibbles, 173
NICAM 728 system, 53
Noise:
analog signals, 4
Gaussian thermal, 111
jitter, 6
sampling timing jitter, 47
video interfaces testing, 354
Non-audio troubleshooting, 285
Non-return-to zero (NRZI) format, 208, 214, 216
Non-sequential values, 126
NRZI (non-return-to zero format), 208, 214, 216
NTSC interfaces, 30
ancillary data, 335
embedded audio in SDI, 335
ScH phase, 318
signature analysis, 355
Offset binary coding, 64
Oversampling systems, 46
Overview, channel status data, 194–197
Packet Identification Code (PID), 150–151, 336
Packetized Elementary Stream (PES), 149, 150
Packets:
multiplexing, 145
retransmission, 144
types, 336
PAL interfaces, 30
ancillary data, 334
colour axes, 316
embedded audio in SDI, 334
sample clocking, 314
sample numbering, 315
signature analysis, 355
television, 263
PAM (pulse amplitude modulation), 4
Parallel interfaces:
specifications, 308
Parity:
checking matrix, 120
trees, 116
XOR gates, 115
Parsing, 309
PCM (pulse code modulation), 4, 33
PCR (program clock reference), 152–153
PCs (personal computers), 360
PES see Packetized Elementary Stream
Phase-locked loop (PLL) transmission, 99, 258
Pictures see group of pictures; video
PID (Packet Identification Code), 150–151
PLL (phase-locked loop) transmission, 99, 258
Point-to-point audio interfaces see dedicated audio interfaces
Powering AES 42 digital microphone interfaces, 204–205
Practical video interfaces, 346–361
Primitive elements, 132
Professional bodies, 160
Professional formats, 203
Professional implementation, 193–194
Professional systems:
data mismatch, 270–272, 275–276
electrical mismatch, 268–270, 272–275
impedance matching, 274
Program clock reference (PCR), 152–153
Program Specific Information (PSI), 153–154
Protocol testing:
RAM, 360
PSI see Program Specific Information
PTS/DTS, PES packets, 150
Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), 4
Pulse code modulation (PCM), 4, 33
Puncturing codewords, 125
see also requantizing
distortion, 60
dither, 63
waveforms, 61
R–S codes see Reed–Solomon codes
R72 recommendations, 188
Radial networks, 15
Radio frequency interference (RFI), 4
RAM (Random Access Memory), 360
Random errors, 140
Randomizing:
Receiver mode troubleshooting, 285
Receiving nodes, 145
Reception, MADI standard, 209
Reclocking repeaters, 352
Reclocking SDI receivers, 331
Reed–Solomon (R–S):
generator polynomials, 156–157
Remote control, 205
Repetition rates, blocks, 178
Resampling circuits, 50
Reservation bits, 148
Reserved words, 111
Retransmission, 144
RFI see radio frequency interference
RLL (run-length-limited) codes, 105
Roland R-bus, 217
Routers, 13
AES/EBU, 350
ancillary data, 347
digital alongside analog, 350
SDI signals, 347
RS-232 interfaces, 19
Run-length-limited (RLL) codes, 105
Sample clocking, 314
Sample numbering, 315
Sampling:
amplitude pulse train, 40
original signal reconstruction, 41
SD, 293
spacial arrangement, 42
timing jitter, 47
Sampling frequencies:
IEC60958 channel status, 196
mode troubleshooting, 285
Scanned images, 302
ScH phase, 318
SCMS (Serial Copy Management System), 197–201, 285
SCSI (Small Computer Systems Interface), 226
SD component digital structure, 297–298
SD parallel interfaces, 306–310
SD sampling, 293
SD-SDI see EDH
SDI see serial digital interfaces
SDIF-2 interconnection, 211, 212
SDTI see serial data transport interface
SECAM television system, 263
Security margin estimation, 279
Serial Copy Management System (SCMS), 197–201
see also digital content protection
Serial data transport interface (SDTI), 322–324
Serial digital interfaces (SDI):
cable drivers, 330
chipsets, 330
‘crash knee’ characteristics, 319, 350–351
error correction, 112
receivers, reclocking, 331
routers, 347
video interface configuration, 350–352
Serial digital video interfaces, 317–325
asynchronous serial interface, 324
high definition serial digital interface, 324–325
serial data transport interface, 322–324
standard definition serial digital interface, 320, 321–322
Serial time-division multiplex system, 11
Shortening codewords, 125
Signal rate v. resolution differences, audio, 276–277
Signal shapes, transmission, 93
Signal timing:
digital installations, 348–350
large systems, 349
Signature analysis:
absolute, 356
DVTRs, 357
NTSC system, 355
PAL, 355
Simple codes, 103
Single program transport stream (SPTS), 150
625/50 video standards, 289, 294–295, 298
Slicing:
unipolar signals, 97
Small networks/systems, 142, 250
SMPTE:
274M, 300
SOF see start-of-frame
Solomon codes see Reed–Solomon codes
SONET (synchronous optical network), 235
Sony chipsets, 326–327, 328, 330, 332
Sony digital interface:
conversion to Mitsubishi, 220
Sony-Philips Digital Interface (SPDIF), 160
SoundWeb, 241
Source identification, 190–191
Spatial redundancy, 82
Spatial sampling arrangement, 42
SPDIF (Sony-Philips Digital Interface), 160
Spectra:
channel codes, 105
video, 293
SPTS see single program transport stream
Standard definition serial digital interface, 321–322
cable lengths, 319
components, 320
Standard two-channel interfaces, 162–170, 171–173
eye patterns, 167
incompatibility issues, 268
multipin connectors, 170
unbalanced electrical interfaces, 168–169
Standards:
dedicated audio interfaces, 159–162
digital video interfaces, 289–290
organizations, 160
Start-of-frame (SOF) identifiers, 234–235
Statistical multiplexing, 155
Status reporting, 205
Structure:
audio control packets, 339
extended data packets, 338
see also routers
Synchronization:
AES 42 digital microphone interfaces, 205–206
AES11 standard, 189
digital microphone interfaces, 205–206
digital video interfaces, 302–304
manufacturer-specific interfaces, 213
microphone interfaces, 205–206
patterns, 213
reference:
reserved words, 111
Synchronous communication definition, 8–9
Synchronous optical network (SONET), 235
Syndromes, error correction, 135
Systems:
Clock Reference codes, 152
SYT time stamps, 231
Tascam digital interface (TDIF), 215–216
TCP/IP transport protocols, 225
TDM (time division multiplexing), 14–15, 281–282
Television:
aliasing, 41
NICAM 728 system, 53
Testing:
analog waveforms, 353
video interfaces, 352–354, 360–361
Thermal noise, 111
Three-port networks, 13
Time division multiplexing (TDM), 14–15, 281–282
Timebase recovery, 26
Timing:
digital installations, 348–350
limits AES11 standard, 247
Timing reference and identification signals (TRS-ID), 303–304, 321–322
Transformers, 17
basic error correction, 111–114
clock paths, 100
concealment by interpolation, 114
convolutional randomizing, 108–109
correction by erasure, 134–136
crosstalk, 48
detent period, 98
distance losses, 93
MADI standard, 209
multiplexing, 145
ooffsets, 9
phase-locked loop, 99
program clock reference, 152–153
redundancy, 141
signal shape, 93
transport stream multiplexing, 153–155
VCO, 99
Transparent links, 1
Transport stream, 151, 153–155
TRS-ID (timing reference and identification signals), 303–304, 321–322
TTL-level signals, 248
25 pin D-type connectors, 307
Twisted-ring counters, 126, 128
Two audio channel SDIF-2 interconnection, 211
Two-channel interfaces:
coaxial, 170
eye patterns, 167
incompatibility issues, 268
multipin connectors, 170
SDIF-2 interconnection, 211
unbalanced electrical interfaces, 168–169
274M SMPTE, 300
Two’s complement conversion, 67–69
Unbalanced interfaces, 168–169
Uni-directional interfaces, definition, 9–10
Unipolar quantizing range, 71
Unipolar signal slicing, 97
Universal serial buses (USBs):
channel identification, 235
clock synchronization, 234–235
User bit consumer applications, 178–179
consumer applications, 178–179
HDLC packet schemes (AES18-1992), 176–178
information units (IUs), 179
VCOs:
margining, 359
transmission, 99
VCXO (voltag be controlled crystal oscillator), 153
Video:
CCIR 601 recommendations, 293–294
composite digital parallel interfaces, 310–317
digitizing component video, 290–297
frame rates/audio sampling rate comparison, 263–264
HD parallel interfaces, 310
SD parallel interfaces, 306–310
spectra, 293
standard two-channel interfaces, 266–267
Video interfaces:
analog waveforms, 354
jitter, 354
noise, 354
SDI link configuration, 350–352
Video signals:
definition, 28
Video tape recorders (VTRs), 264–266
Voltage controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO), 153
VTRs see video tape recorders
WANs see wide area networks
Waveforms, quantizing errors, 61
Wide area networks (WANs), 239
Words:
concatenation, 111
shortening, 72
synchronization, 111
XOR (exclusive-OR) gates, 108
parity, 115
Y/C timing, analog, 361
Yamaha:
m-LAN protocol, 228