Index
3–1 stereo format (4-channel surround), 242–4
3–2 stereo format (5.1 channel surround), 244–6
7.1 channel surround format, 247–8
A/D (analog-to-digital) conversion/converters:
clipping problems, 21
decimation, 29–30
filtering, 17–18
noise shaping, 30–2
and pulse code modulation (PCM), 18
quantising error, 11–12, 18, 21–2
resolution versus quality, 21–2
and S/N considerations, 22
sampling rate, 12
sigma-delta convertor, 31–2
see also D/A (digital-to-analog) conversion/converters; Dither
AAF (Advanced Authoring Format), 180, 184–5
ADAT Optical (Alesis digital interface), 195–6
ADL (Audio Decision List), 182
ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line), 205
Advanced Authoring Format (AAF), 180, 184–5
Advanced Intelligent Tape (AIT), 148
AES 3 interface format, 189–92
AES 31 format, 180–2
AES 47 (audio over ATM), 212–15
AIFF and AIff-C formats, 172–3
AIT (Advanced Intelligent Tape), 148
Allocation units/transfer blocks, 64
Analog information:
basics, 5–7
noise effects, 6
Analog-to-digital converters see A/D (analog-to-digital) conversion/converters
Aperture effect, D/A converters, 32
API (application programming interface), 227
Apple Macintosh files, 169–70
ATA/IDE interface, 151
serial ATA, 151
ATM (asynchronous transfer mode), 202
with AES 47 standard, 212–15
Audio data reduction see Data reduction
Audio Decision List (ADL), 182
Audio device interconnections, 186–7
Audio file formats see File formats
Audio interface formats:
about audio interface formats, 187–9
ADAT Optical (Alesis digital interface), 195–6
AES 3 interface, 189–92
Direct Stream Digital (DSD-SDIF-3), 196
MAC-DSD, 196–7
Roland R-bus, 196
standard consumer interface (IEC 60958–3), 192–4
standard digital interfaces with audio data, 194
Tascam digital interface (TDIF), 195
Audio quality see Sound quality
Audio signal processing see Digital signal processing (DSP), audio signals
Audio software see Software
Audio workstations:
about audio workstations, 2–3
decline of, 2–3
BIFS (Binary Format for Scenes), 56
Binary number systems:
binary words, 7–8
fixed/floating point representation, 10
hexadecimal notation, 8–9
logical operations, 10–11
LSB (least significant bit), 7
MSB (most significant bit), 8, 9
negative numbers, 9–10
truth tables, 11
twos complement numbers, 9–10
Bit stream conversion, D/A converters, 33
Bluetooth, 206
Broadcast WAVE format, 175–7
Broadcast audio extension chunk format, 176
BSS soundweb, 216
CDs (compact discs):
about CDs, 143
CD-R disks, 143
CD-RW disks, 144
mastering:
dither with, 39
PQ encoding, 252
pre-mastering formats, 185–6
Orange book CDs, 144–5
Program Calibration Area (PCA), 144–5
Program Memory Area (PMA), 145
Red book table of contents (TOC), 143, 145
Super Audio CD (SACD), 255–6
see also Optical disks
CEDAR restoration application software, 235–7
CIN (code index number), with MIDI, 129
Clipping problems, 21
CMX-compatible format, 180
CobraNet protocol, 215
Code index number (CIN), with MIDI, 129
Compact discs see CDs (compact discs)
Computer basics:
and audio technology, 3
MIDI interfacing, 164–5
plug-ins, 227–9
virtual instruments, 229–31
see also Software
Computer interfaces with audio:
AES 47 (audio over ATM), 212–15
BSS soundweb, 216
CobraNet protocol, 215
firewire (IEEE 1394), 189, 206–10
MAGIC (Media-accelerated Global Information Carrier), 215
MOST (media oriented synchronous transfer), 216
troubleshooting, 262–4
USB (universal serial bus), 189, 210–12
Computer networks for audio, 187–9
Copy protection, digital content, 216–18
copy control information (CCI), 217
on DVD, 218
SCMS method, 216–18
with Super Audio CD (SACD), 255–6
Crossfading:
and automated gain changes, 73
and MIDI sound generator control, 98–9
shape considerations, 73–5
‘CV and gate’ analog instrument control, 79–80
D/A (digital-to-analog) conversion/converters:
about D/A converters, 12–13
aperture effect, 32
basic principles, 32
bit stream conversion, 33
oversampling, 33
reconstruction filters, 32
resampling, 32
and voltage-controlled amplifiers (VCAs), 12–13
see also A/D (analog-to-digital) conversion/converters
DAT Data Storage (DDS) format, 147
Data compression, PCs, 52
Data reduction, digital audio:
about data reduction, 51–2
Dolby Digital/AC-3 recording, 56
DTS (Digital Theater Systems), 56–7
lossless and lossy coding, 52–3
MPEG example, 53–6
SDDS (Sony Dynamic Digital Sound), 57
DDP (Disk Description Protocol), 185–6
DDS (DAT Data Storage) format, 147
Decimation:
in A/D converters, 29–30
digital decimation filters, 30
Digidesign plug-ins, 228
Digital audio:
about digital audio, 1–2
and MIDI, 81–2
Digital domain copying, 186–7
Digital filters and equalisation, 46–8
Digital information, 6–7
advantages over analog, 6–7
and jitter, 6–7
noise effects, 6
Digital Linear Tape (DLT) drives, 148
Digital signal processing (DSP), audio signals:
crossfading, 45–6
digital filters and equalisation, 46–8
digital reverberation, 48–9
DSP cards, 155–6
dynamics processing, 49–50
FM synthesis, 156–7
gain changing (level control), 44–5
host-based audio processing, 156
integrated sound cards, 156
latency problems, 155
mixing, 46
MSP signal processing toolbox, 235–8
pitch shifting, 49
sample rate conversion, 50–1
with sequencers, 227
synthesis engines on sound cards, 156–9
TDM-bus cards, 156
wavetable synthesis, 157–9
see also Non-linear editing; Software
Digital-to-analog converters see D/A (digital-to-analog) conversion/converters
Direct Stream Digital (DSD) (Sony digital audio coding system), 38–9
DSD-IFF file format, 179–80
MAC-DSD, 196–7
SDIF-3 interface, 196
with Super Audio CD (SACD), 38, 255
Direct Stream Transfer (DST), 255
DirectX multimedia extensions, 228
Disk Description Protocol (DDP), 185–6
Disk drives, general:
allocation units/transfer blocks, 64
basics, 133–4
data rates, 62–4
formatted storage capacity, 136
general structure, 133–4
instantaneous transfer rate, 135
Jaz drive (Iomega), 138–9
removable magnetic media, 138–9
space optimisation, 153
sustained transfer rate, 136
Zip disks (Iomega), 138
see also CDs (compact discs); DVDs (digital video (versatile) discs); Magnetic hard disk drives; Optical disks; RAID arrays
Disk pre-mastering formats, 185–6
Disk Description Protocol (DDP), 185–6
Dither:
beneficial effects, 22–7
and Gaussian noise, 28–9
level control and redithering, 241
and noise, 24–7
and quantising distortion, 23–4
rectangular probability distribution function (RPDF) dither noise, 27–9
redithering with gain changing, 45, 241, 250
for requantisation, 39–41
triangular probability distribution function (TPDF) dither noise, 27–9
DLT (Digital Linear Tape) drives, 148
Dolby Digital/AC-3 recording, 56
Dolby EX format, 246–7
Downloadable sounds (DLS):
about DLS, 115–16
DLS level 1 file format, 116
DLS level 2 file format, 116
with MIDI, 129
SoundFonts (Emu for Creative Labs), 116
DSD see Direct Stream Digital
DSP see Digital signal processing (DSP), audio signals
DTS (Digital Theater Systems), 56–7
DVDs (digital video (versatile) discs):
about DVDs, 145
copy protection, 218
DVD-Video, 145–7
mastering, 252–5
Meridian Lossless Packing (MLP), 255
recordable formats, 146–7
see also Optical disks
DXi software synthesiser plug-in architecture, 228
Dynamic range, hearing, 34
Dynamic range enhancement, 41–2
Dynamics processing, digital, 49–50
Ear see Hearing
EBU Tech. 3285 format description, 177
Edit decision lists (EDL), 71, 72
file formats, 180
Edit decision markup language (EDML), 181
Editing see Digital signal processing (DSP), audio
signals; Multichannel operation on workstations;
Non-linear editing
EDL see Edit decision lists
Error correction, 42–4
Exabyte tapes, 148
FAT32 file system, 180
Fault-finding see Troubleshooting
FDDI (Fibre Distributed Data Interface), 201–2
File formats:
about file formats, 168–70
Advanced Authoring Format (AAF), 180, 184–5
AES 31 format, 180–2
AIFF and AIff-C formats, 172–3
Apple Macintosh files, 169–70
Audio Decision List (ADL), 182
CMX-compatible form, 180
disk pre-mastering formats, 185–6
DSD-IFF file format, 179–80
edit decision list (EDL) files, 180
edit decision markup language (EDML), 181
FAT32 file system, 180
Microsoft files, 169–70
MPEG audio file formats, 177–9
ID3 tag structure, 179
MPEG audio frame header, 178
MXF (Media Exchange Format), 183
Open Media Framework Interchange (OMFI), 182–3
RIFF WAVE format, 173–5
Sound Designer I format (SD I), 171
Sound Designer II format (SD II), 171–2
WAV formats:
Broadcast WAVE format, 175–7
RIFF WAVE format, 173–5
WAVE-format extensible, 175
Filling systems and volume partitions for disk
systems, 152–3
see also Sound files
Filters/filtering:
A/D conversion, 17–18
digital decimation filters, 30
digital filters and equalisation, 46–8
finite impulse response filter (FIR) (transversal), 47–8
frequency domain response, 46
infinite impulse response filter (IIR) (recursive), 48
reconstruction filters, D/A converters, 32
sequencer filters, 220–1
time domain response, 46
Firewire (IEEE 1394):
AM824 format, 208–9
CIP layer, 208
with MIDI, 129–30
peripheral connection, 151
for use with audio, 189, 206–10
Floating/fixed point representation, 10
FM synthesis, 156–7
Formats see Audio interface formats;
File formats; Multichannel formats;
WAV formats
Formatting media, 153
Fourier transform, 47
Fragmentation of disk drives, 63, 153
Frequency domain response (filters), 46
Gain changing, by digital processing, 44–5
Gaussian noise, and dither, 28–9
General MIDI, 108–10
dynamic voice allocation, 108–9
GM 1 (standard voice map), 108
GM 2 (extended GM 1), 110
GM Lite (GML-cut down GM 1), 109–10
with sequencers, 226
sound modules, 109
GUIs (graphical user interfaces), 159
Hard disk drives see Magnetic hard disk drives;
RAID arrays
Headroom:
and level control, 240–2
and quantising resolution, 38
Hearing:
dynamic range, 34
ear’s capabilities, 33–4
minimum audible field (MAF), 33
and sound pressure levels (SPL), 33
threshold of hearing, 33–4
Hexadecimal number system, 8–9
HFS (Hierarchical Filing System), 153
Human ear see Hearing
IDE/ATA interface, 151
EIDE (Enhanced IDE), 151
IEC 60958–3 standard consumer interface, 192–4
IEEE 1394 see Firewire
Interactive authoring, mastering, 257
Interfaces:
about interfaces, 148–9
troubleshooting, 262–4
see also Audio interface formats; Firewire
(IEEE 1394); IDE/ATA interface;
Networking; PCMCIA notebook
expansion port; RS-232 and RS-422
interfaces; SCSI (Small Computer
Systems Interface); Synchronisation;
USB (Universal Serial BUS); User interfaces
Internet protocols, 205–6
Interpolation, 43
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network), 204–5
ISO seven layer model, 199
Jaz drive (Iomega), 138–9
Jitter:
and digital information, 6–7
reduction with RAM buffering, 61–2
Kerr effect, 142–3
Lake Huron signal processing workstation, 235
LANs (local area networks), 197–9
Latency:
with DSP cards, 155
need to be low, 68–9
LCRS surround format, 242
Level control:
by digital processing, 44–5, 240–2
headroom and dynamic range, 240–2
and redithering, 241
Light pipe (ADAT Optical interface), 195–6
Linear timecode (LTC), 121–3
Logical operations, 10–11
Lossless and lossy coding, 52–3
LSB (least significant bit), 7
MAGIC (Media-accelerated Global Information
Carrier), 215
Magnetic hard disk drives:
access time, 135
construction, 136
data storage arrangement, 136–8
formatted storage capacity, 138
instantaneous transfer rate, 135
RAID arrays, 138–40
sustained transfer rate, 136
typical Winchester drive, 137
see also Disk drives, general
Magneto-optical (M-O) drives, 141–3
Kerr effect, 142–3
LIMDOW drives, 141
MANs (metropolitan area networks), 199
Mastering:
CD and dither, 39
CD pre-mastering formats, 185–6
CD-Audio PQ encoding, 252
CDs with MP3 encoding, 256
DVD:
about DVD mastering, 252–4
Meridian Lossless Packing (MLP), 255
player types, 252
SMART downmixing technique, 254
interactive authoring, 257
and restoration software, 235
web applications, 257
‘MAX’ MIDI programming, 238–9
Meridian Lossless Packing (MLP), 255
Metadata, 169
Microsoft files, 169–70
MIDI basics:
about MIDI, 79–81
basic interface, 160–3
basic principles, 81
channels, 84
computer interfacing, 164–5
connectors and cables, 163–4
control message principles, 82–3
digital audio comparisons, 81–2
hardware drivers, 165
I/O hardware, 166–7
interconnection/daisy chaining instruments, 83–4
‘MAX’ MIDI programming, 238–9
message format, 84–5
messages summary, 85
troubleshooting, 259–62
see also Downloadable sounds (DLS); General MIDI; RMID format and files; SAOL (Structured Audio Orchestra Language); Scalable polyphonic MIDI (SPMIDI); Sequencers; Standard MIDI files (SMF); XMF (eXtensible Music Format) files
MIDI beat clock, 119–20
MIDI machine control (MMC), 125–8
basic transport controls, 127–8
communications procedures, 126–7
handshaking messages, 127
open- or closed-loop modes, 125–6
MIDI messages:
about MIDI messages, 85–6
active sensing messages, 96
Approved Protocols (APs), 86
channel aftertouch, 94
channel messages, 86
channel mode messages:
local on/off, 91–2
mono mode, 93
multitimbral operation, 92–3
omni off, 92
poly mode, 93
controller messages, 89–91
controller function list, 90
messages summary, 85
note on and note off messages, 86–7
note numbers, 87
‘note off’ velocity message, 88
‘note on’ velocity message, 87–8
pitch bend wheel message, 94
polyphonic key pressure (aftertouch), 88–9
program change message, 93–4
Recommended Practices (RPs), 86
reset message, 97
running status, 88
status bytes, 95
sub-IDs, 96
system exclusive message, 95
system messages, 86
system realtime messages, 119
tune request, 96
universal non-commercial messages, 95–6
universal non-realtime messages, 96
velocity information, 87–8
MIDI over IEEE 1394 (Firewire), 129–30
MIDI over USB, 128–9
MIDI sound generator control:
aftertouch data handling, 102
breath controller, 104
brightness controllers, 105
controller messages handling, 102–5
data buffering, 100–2
effects controllers, 104
functions of sound generators, 100–1
latency problems, 102
MIDI implementation charts, 100–1
note assignment in synthesisers and samplers, 97–9
pan control, 103
parameter controllers, 105–6
polyphony, voice and note assignment, 100
registered and non-registered parameter numbers, 105–6
sound variation controller, 104–5
timbre controllers, 105
velocity crossfades, 98–9
velocity data handling, 102
voice selection, 106
MIDI synchronisation:
about MIDI synchronisation, 118
MIDI timecode (MTC), 123–5, 258
music-related timing data, 118–21
SMPTE/EBU time and control code, 121–3
linear timecode (LTC), 121–3
vertical interval timecode (VITC), 121, 123
SPPs (song pointers), 120–1
system realtime messages, 119
time code and synchronisation, 121–3
timing clock status bytes (MIDI beat clock), 119–20
MIDI TimeCode (MTC), 123–5, 258
MIDI tuning control, 106–8
individual note tuning, 107–8
Minimum audible field (MAF), hearing, 33
Mixing, with digital processing, 46
MLP (Meridian Lossless Packing), 255
MOST (media oriented synchronous transfer), 216
MP3 (MPEG-1, layer 3), 55–6, 177, 256
mastering, 256
MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group) lossy encoding:
about MPEG audio, 53–4
audio file formats, 177–9
audio frame header, 178
ID3 tag structure, 179
MPEG-1, 54
MPEG-2 AAC (Advanced Audio Coupling), 55
MPEG-2 BC (Backwards Compatible), 55
MPEG-4:
mastering, 257
natural audio coding, 55–6
MSB (most significant bit), 8
and twos complement numbers, 9
MSP signal processing toolbox, 235–8
MTC (MIDI TimeCode), 123–5, 258
Multichannel formats:
about multichannel formats, 242
4-channel surround (3-1 stereo or LCRS surround), 242–4
5.1 channel surround (3-2 stereo), 244–6
7.1 channel surround, 247–8
Dolby EX, 246–7
pairwise amplitude panning, 248
surround panning and spatial effects, 248–9
Multichannel operation on workstations:
about multichannel operation, 64–5
disk assignment, 67
drop-in capability, 67–8
inputs and outputs, 65–6
with SCSI bus operation, 67
storage capacity, 66–7
track usage, 66–7
tracks and channels, 65–6
Multitrack tape recording, 64–5
MXF (Media Exchange Format), 183
Networking:
ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line), 205
ATM (asynchronous transfer mode), 202
audio requirements, 203–4
basic principles, 197–9
Bluetooth, 206
FDDI (Fibre Distributed Data Interface), 201–2
internet protocols, 205–6
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network), 204–5
ISO seven layer model, 199
LANs (local area networks), 197–9
MANs (metropolitan area networks), 199
network extensions, 199–200
PANs (personal area networks), 199
repeaters, 200
routers, 200
servers, 203–4
TCP/IP (Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol), 202–3
WANs (wide area networks), 199–200
wireless networks, 206
WPAN (wireless personal area network), 206
Noise:
and analog and digital information, 6–7
noise shaping, A/D converters, 30–2
noise weighting curves, 42
S/N in A/D conversion, 22
Non-linear editing:
advantages, 69
anchoring segments, 76–7
automated gain changes, 73
butt joints, 70–1
clips/segments, 70
crossfades, 71–3
edit decision lists (EDL), 71, 72
edit points, 70–1
editing process, 73–5
linear editing simulation, 76
music editing, 75–6
reel-rocking simulation, 76, 77–8
sound files, 69–70
see also Crossfading; Digital signal processing (DSP), audio signals
Non-registered parameter numbers
(NRPNs), 105–6
Open Media Framework Interchange (OMFI), 182–3
Open Sound Control (OSC), 130
Optical disks:
about optical disks, 140–1
CAV (constant angular velocity) mode, 141–2
CLV (constant linear velocity) mode, 141
filing structures, 147
magneto-optical (M-O) drives, 141–3
phase-change optical recording, 143
universal disc format (UDF), 147
WORM disks, 140–1
zoned-CAV operation, 141
see also CDs (compact discs); DVDs (digital video (versatile) discs)
Organs, MIDI note assignment, 97–8
OSC (Open Sound Control), 130
in D/A converters, 33
Pairwise amplitude panning, 248
PANs (personal area networks), 199
PC data compression, 52
PCMCIA notebook expansion port, 151
Phase-change optical recording, 143
Pitch shifting, digitally, 49
Plug-ins/plug-in architectures:
about plug-ins, 227–8
API (application programming interface), 227
CEDAR plug-ins, 235–7
Digidesign plug-ins, 228
DirectX multimedia extensions, 228
DSP plug-ins, 227
DXi software synthesiser plug-in architecture, 228
software development toolkits (SDK), 227
VST (Virtual Studio Technology) plug-in architecture, 228
WAVES plug-in examples, 228–9
Probability distribution dither noise, 27–9
Psychoacoustic limitations to quality, 33–4
see also Hearing
Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), 15–16
sidebands, 15–16
Pulse code modulation (PCM), 18
and quantising resolution, 37–8
QIC (quarter-inch cartridge), tape, 148
Quality see Sound quality
quantising distortion and dither, 23–4
quantising noise, 22
quantising noise energy, 31
Quantising resolution:
and headroom, 38
PCM systems, 37
requantisation, 39–41
and sound quality, 37–8
R-bus 196 multichannel interface (Roland), 196
RAID arrays, 138–40
RAM (random access memory) buffering, 59–62
bucket analogy, 60–1
for synchronisation, 62
for timing jitter reduction, 61–2
Reconstruction filters, D/A converters, 32
Record quantisation, 224
Rectangular probability distribution function (RPDF) dither noise, 27–9
Redithering:
with gain changing/level control, 45, 241, 250
with requantisation, 39
Reel-rocking simulation, 76, 77–8
Registered parameter numbers (RPNs), 105–6
Removable magnetic media, 138–9
Repeaters, network, 200
Requantisation, 39–41
and dither, 39–41
Resampling, D/A converters, 32
Resolution see Quantising resolution; Sampling resolution
Reverberation, digital, 48–9
Rhythmic quantisation, in sequencers, 224
RIFF WAVE format, 173–5
RMID format and files, 111, 117
Routers, network, 200
RS-232 and RS-422 interfaces, 160
S/N (signal-to-noise) ratio, and A/D conversion, 22
SACD see Super Audio CD
SADiE workstations, 233–4
Sample rate conversion, 50–1
Samplers, MIDI note assignment, 97–9
Sampling rates, 34–6
30 kHz rate (some PC workstations), 36
32 kHz rate (TV/broadcast), 3
44.1 kHz rate (compact disc), 35, 36
48 kHz rate (professional), 35
96 kHz rate (DVD), 36
common rates chart, 35
Sampling resolution, versus quality, 21–2
SAOL (Structured Audio Orchestra Language), 55–6, 117–18
SASL (Structured Audio Score Language), 56, 118
SBM (Super Bit Mapping) (Sony), 41
Scalable polyphonic MIDI (SPMIDI), 110
SCMS copy protection, 216–18
SCSI (Small Computer Systems Interface):
about SCSI interfaces, 149
termination, 150
troubleshooting guide, 150–1
SD I (Sound Designer I format), 171
SD II (Sound Designer II format), 171–2
SDDS (Sony Dynamic Digital Sound), 57
Sequencers:
about sequencers, 219–20
echo effects, 223
filters, input and output, 221–2
with General MIDI, 226
instrument control, 221
MIDI data manipulation, 222–3
MIDI displays, 220–1
MIDI mixing and external control, 226
MIDI non-note control events, 224–6
as multitrack tape emulator, 220
record quantisation, 224
record resolution, 222
rhythmic quantisation, 224
score representation, 222–3
semi-automatic editing functions, 223–4
synchronisation features, 226
synchronised digital video, 226–7
timing resolution, 222
track displays, 220–1
transposition facilities, 223–4
Servers, networking, 203–4
Shift registers, 8
Sidebands, 15–16
Sigma-delta convertor, 31–2
SMART downmixing technique, 254
SMF see Standard MIDI files (SMF)
SMPTE/EBU time and control code, 121–3
Software:
about audio editing and post-production software, 231
CEDAR applications, 235–7
Lake Huron signal processing workstation, 235
librarian and editor software, 231
mastering and restoration software, 235
‘MAX’ MIDI programming, 238–9
MSP signal processing toolbox, 235–8
music notation software, 219–20
music software, 237–9
SADiE workstations, 233
software development toolkits (SDK), 227
Sonic Studio HD, 232
troubleshooting, 264
virtual instruments, 229–31
see also Plug-ins/plug-in architecture; Sequencers
Sonic Studio HD, 232
Sound Designer I format (SDI), 171
Sound Designer II format (SD II), 171–2
Sound editing see Digital signal processing (DSP),
audio signals; Multichannel operation on
workstations; Non-linear editing
Sound files:
about sound files, 58–9
allocation units/transfer blocks, 64
mono sound files, 59
multichannel sound files, 59
with non-linear editing, 69–70
stereo sound files, 59
Sound pressure levels (SPL), 33
Sound quality:
with authoring, 251–2
controlling and maintaining, 249–52
with digital audio, 3–4
and dynamic range enhancement, 41–2
and low bit-rate coders, 250–1
psychoacoustic limitations, 33–4
and quantising resolution, 37–8
and sampling rate, 34–6
and sampling resolution, 21–2
see also Hearing
SoundFonts (Emu for Creative Labs), 116
Spatial reproduction formats see Multichannel formats
SPMIDI (scalable polyphonic MIDI), 110
SPPs (song pointers), MIDI, 120–1
Standard consumer interface (IEC 60958–3), 192–4
Standard MIDI files (SMF):
about SMF, 110–11
delta-times, 112
general structure, 111
header chunk, 111–12
meta-events, 114–15
MIDI events, 113
RMID format, 111
system exclusive (SysEx) events, 113–14
tempo mats, 115
time signature meta-events, 115
track chunks, 112–13
Storage media:
about storage media, 132
audio and video requirements, 132–3
see also CDs (compact discs); Disk drives, general; DVDs (digital video (versatile) discs); Magnetic hard disk drives; Optical disks; Tape storage media
Super Audio CD (SACD) (SONY), 38, 255–6
copy protection measures, 255–6
Direct Stream Transfer (DST), 255
DSD (Direct Stream Digital), 255
Surround panning and spatial effects, 248–9
Surround systems see Multichannel formats
Synchronisation:
about synchronisation, 257–8
external interfaces, 159
MIDI TimeCode (MTC), 258
RAM assisted, 62
timecode synchronisation, 258–9
to external references, 259
Synthesis engines on sound cards, 156–9
Synthesisers, MIDI note assignment, 97–9
Tape storage media:
about tape storage, 147
AIT (Advanced Intelligent Tape), 148
DAT Data Storage format, 147
DDS drives, 147–8
Digital Linear Tape (DLT) drives, 148
Exabyte tapes, 148
QIC (quarter-inch cartridge), 148
Tascam digital interface (TDIF), 195
TCP/IP (Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol), 202–3
TDM-bus cards, 156
Time domain response (filters), 46
Timecode synchronisation, 258–9
MIDI TimeCode (MTC), 258
Triangular probability distribution function (TPDF)
dither noise, 27–9
Troubleshooting:
digital interfaces, 262–4
MIDI, 259–62
software, 264
Truth tables, 11
Twos complement numbers, 9–10
UDF (universal disc format), 147
USB (Universal Serial Bus):
with MIDI, 128–9
peripheral interface, 151
User interfaces, GUIs (graphical user interfaces), 159
USI (Universal Synthesiser Interface), 80
Vertical interval timecode (VITC), 121, 123
Virtual instruments, 229–31
VITC (vertical interval timecode), 121, 123
Voltage-controlled amplifiers (VCAs), 12–13
VRML (virtual reality modelling language), 56
VST (Virtual Studio Technology) plug-in architecture, 228
WANs (wide area networks), 199–200
WAV formats:
Broadcast WAVE format, 175–7
Broadcast audio extension chunk format, 176
RIFF WAVE format, 173–5
WAVE-format extensible, 175
channel ordering, 176
Wavetable synthesis, 157–9
Web, mastering for, 257
Wireless networks, 206
Workstations see Multichannel operation on
workstations
WPAN (wireless personal area network), 206
XMF (eXtensible Music Format) files, 117
Zip disks (Iomega), 138
ZIPI, 130