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Dedication
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Dedication
by John Watkinson
Convergence in Broadcast and Communications Media
Cover
Half Title
Dedication
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 Introduction to convergent systems
1.1 What this book is about
1.2 Why binary?
1.3 Conversion
1.4 Integrated circuits
1.5 Storage technology
1.6 Noise and probability
1.7 Time compression and expansion
1.8 Error correction and concealment
1.9 Channel coding
1.10 Compression, JPEG and MPEG
1.11 Convergence and commercial television
1.12 Electronic cinema
References
Chapter 2 Digital processing principles
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Logic elements
2.3 Storage elements
2.4 Binary coding
2.5 Gain control
2.6 Floating-point coding
2.7 Modulo-n arithmetic
2.8 The Galois field
2.9 The phase-locked loop
2.10 Timebase correction
2.11 Programmers
2.12 The computer
2.13 The processor
2.14 Interrupts
2.15 Programmable timers
2.16 Memory management
2.17 The human interface
2.18 DSP
2.19 Multiplexing principles
2.20 Packets
2.21 Statistical multiplexing
2.22 Networks
Chapter 3 Filters and transforms
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Transforms
3.3 Convolution
3.4 FIR and IIR filters
3.5 FIR filters
3.6 Sampling-rate conversion
3.7 Transforms and duality
3.8 The Fourier transform
3.9 The discrete cosine transform (DCT)
3.10 The wavelet transform
References
Chapter 4 Sampling
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Sampling
4.3 Reconstruction
4.4 Aperture effect
4.5 Sampling clock jitter
4.6 Quantizing
4.7 Quantizing error
4.8 Introduction to dither
4.9 Requantizing and digital dither
4.10 Dither techniques
4.10.1 Rectangular pdf dither
4.10.2 Triangular pdf dither
4.10.3 Gaussian pdf dither
4.11 Basic digital-to-analog conversion
4.12 Basic analog-to-digital conversion
References
Chapter 5 Sound
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The deciBel
5.3 Audio level metering
5.4 The ear
5.5 Level and loudness
5.6 Frequency discrimination
5.7 Music and the ear
5.8 The physics of sound
5.9 How sound is radiated
5.10 Acoustics
5.11 Directionality in hearing
5.12 Microphone principles
5.13 Microphone mechanisms
5.14 Stereo and surround sound
5.15 Stereo and surround microphones
5.16 M–S stereo
5.17 Digitizing audio
5.18 Audio convertors
5.19 Oversampling in audio
5.20 Noise shaping
References
Chapter 6 Light
6.1 Introduction
6.2 What is light?
6.3 Sources of light
6.4 Optical principles
6.5 Photometric units
6.6 MTF, contrast and sharpness
6.7 The human visual system
6.8 The eye
6.9 Gamma
6.10 Motion portrayal and dynamic resolution
6.11 Background strobing and frame rate
6.12 Colour
6.13 Colour vision
6.14 Colorimetry
6.15 The CIE chromaticity diagram
6.16 Whites
6.17 Colour matching functions
6.18 Choice of primaries
References
Chapter 7 Image portrayal
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Film
7.3 Spatial sampling
7.4 Spatial aperture effect
7.5 Spatial oversampling
7.6 Temporal aperture effects
7.7 Analog video
7.8 Synchronizing
7.9 Bandwidth and definition
7.10 Interlace
7.11 Colour television
7.12 Constant luminance
7.13 Analog colour television signals
7.14 Digital colour signals
7.15 Digital colour space
7.16 Telecine
7.17 Conversion between television and computer formats
7.18 The importance of motion compensation
7.19 Motion-estimation techniques
7.20 Motion-compensated picture rate conversion
7.21 Motion-compensated telecine system
7.22 Camera shake compensation
7.23 Motion-compensated de-interlacing
7.24 Aspect ratios
References
Chapter 8 Presentation
8.1 Display principles
8.2 The monochrome CRT
8.3 The colour CRT
8.4 The projection CRT
8.5 Plasma displays
8.6 Scanning lasers
8.7 Micromirror projectors
8.8 Temporal effects
8.9 Display processors
8.10 Optical filtering
8.11 Loudspeaker principles
8.12 Loudspeaker mechanisms
8.13 Directivity
8.14 The moving-coil speaker
8.15 Low-frequency reproduction
8.16 Crossover networks
8.17 Enclosures
8.18 Active loudspeakers
8.19 Loudspeaker criteria for stereo and surround sound
References
Chapter 9 Compression
9.1 Introduction to compression
9.2 Compression standards
9.3 Profiles, levels and layers
9.4 Spatial and temporal redundancy in MPEG
9.5 I and P coding
9.6 Bidirectional coding
9.7 Coding applications
9.8 Spatial compression
9.9 Scanning and run-length/variable-length coding
9.10 A bidirectional coder
9.11 Slices
9.12 Handling interlaced pictures
9.13 An MPEG-2 coder
9.14 The elementary stream
9.15 An MPEG-2 decoder
9.16 Coding artifacts
9.17 Processing MPEG-2 and concatenation
9.18 Audio compression
9.19 Sound quality measurement
9.20 Audio compression tools
9.21 Sub-band coding
9.22 Compression formats
9.23 MPEG Audio compression
9.24 MPEG Layer I
9.25 MPEG Layer II
9.26 MPEG Layer III
9.27 MPEG-2 AAC
9.28 Dolby AC-3
References
Chapter 10 Digital coding principles
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Types of transmission channel
10.3 Transmission lines
10.4 Types of recording medium
10.5 Magnetic recording
10.6 Azimuth recording and rotary heads
10.7 Optical and magneto-optical disks
10.8 Equalization and data separation
10.9 Slicing and jitter rejection
10.10 Channel coding
10.11 Simple codes
10.12 Group codes
10.13 Randomizing and encryption
10.14 Partial response
10.15 Synchronizing
10.16 Basic error correction
10.17 Concealment by interpolation
10.18 Parity
10.19 Block and convolutional codes
10.20 Cyclic codes
10.21 Introduction to the Reed–-Solomon codes
10.22 Correction by erasure
10.23 Interleaving
10.24 Product codes
Appendix 10.1 Calculation of Reed–-Solomon generator polynomials
References
Chapter 11 Storage devices
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Disk storage
11.3 Magnetic disks
11.4 Accessing the blocks
11.5 Servo-surface disks
11.6 Winchester technology
11.7 The disk controller
11.8 Defect handling
11.9 RAID arrays
11.10 Disk servers
11.11 Optical disk principles
11.12 Focus and tracking systems
11.13 Structure of a DVD player
11.14 Digital video tape
11.15 The rotary head tape transport
11.16 Digital video cassettes
11.17 DVTR block diagram
11.18 Picture in shuttle
11.19 DV and DVCPRO
Chapter 12 Communication systems
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Production-related interfaces
12.3 SDI
12.4 SDTI
12.5 ASI
12.6 AES/EBU
12.7 Telephone-based systems
12.8 Digital television broadcasting
12.9 MPEG packets and time stamps
12.10 Program clock reference
12.11 Program Specific Information (PSI)
12.12 Transport stream multiplexing
12.13 Remultiplexing
12.14 Broadcast modulation techniques
12.15 OFDM
12.16 Error correction in digital television broadcasting
12.17 DVB
12.18 The DVB receiver
12.19 ATSC
12.20 Networks
12.21 Network arbitration
12.22 FireWire
12.23 Broadband networks and ATM
12.24 ATM AALs
References
Index
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