Ty is reviewing the scan report for a Windows system joined to his organization’s domain and finds the vulnerability shown here. What should be Ty’s most significant concern related to this vulnerability?

1. The presence of this vulnerability indicates that an attacker may have compromised his network.
2. The presence of this vulnerability indicates a misconfiguration on the target server.
3. The presence of this vulnerability indicates that the domain security policy may be lacking appropriate controls.
4. The presence of this vulnerability indicates a critical flaw on the target server that must be addressed immediately.

During an incident investigation, Chris discovers that attackers were able to query information about his routers and switches using SNMP. Chris finds that his routers used “public” and “private” as their community strings. Which of the following is not an appropriate action to take to help secure SNMP in Chris’s organization?

1. Add complexity requirements to the SNMP community string.
2. Enable and configure SNMP v2c.
3. Enable and require TLS setting for SNMP.
4. Apply different SNMP community strings to devices with different security levels.

Heidi runs a vulnerability scan of the management interface of her organization’s virtualization platform and finds the severity 1 vulnerability shown here. What circumstance, if present, should increase the severity level of this vulnerability to Heidi?

1. Lack of encryption
2. Missing security patch
3. Exposure to external networks
4. Out-of-date antivirus signatures

Nancy ran a port scan against a network switch located on her organization’s internal network and discovered the results shown here. She ran the scan from her workstation on the employee VLAN. Which one of the following results should be of greatest concern to her?

1. Port 22
2. Port 23
3. Port 80
4. Ports 8192 to 8194

Evan is troubleshooting a vulnerability scan issue on his network. He is conducting an external scan of a website located on the web server shown in the diagram. After checking the Apache httpd logs on the web server, he saw no sign of the scan requests. Which one of the following causes is the least likely issue for him to troubleshoot?

1. The scans are being blocked by an intrusion prevention system.
2. The scans are being blocked by an Apache .htaccess file.
3. The scans are being blocked by a network firewall.
4. The scans are being blocked by a host firewall.

Sam is looking for evidence of software that was installed on a Windows 10 system. He believes that the programs were deleted and that the suspect used both registry and log cleaners to hide evidence. What Windows feature can’t he use to find evidence of the use of these programs?

1. The MFT
2. Volume shadow copies
3. The shim (application compatibility) cache
4. Prefetch files

Patricia is evaluating the security of an application developed within her organization. She would like to assess the application’s security by supplying it with invalid inputs. What technique is Patricia planning to use?

1. Fault injection
2. Stress testing
3. Mutation testing
4. Fuzz testing

A port scan conducted during a security assessment shows the following results. What type of device has most likely been scanned?

Nmap scan report for EXAMPLE (192.168.1.79)
Host is up (1.00s latency).
Not shown: 992 closed ports
PORT     STATE 
21/tcp   open  
23/tcp   open  
80/tcp   open  
280/tcp  open  
443/tcp  open  
515/tcp  open  
631/tcp  open  
9100/tcp open  
 
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 124.20 seconds

1. A wireless access point
2. A server
3. A printer
4. A switch

Kim is reviewing the data gathered by the first responder to a security incident and comes across a text file containing the output shown here. What command generated this output?

1. traceroute
2. netstat
3. ifconfig
4. sockets

Which of the following is not one of the major categories of security event indicators described by NIST 800-61?

1. Alerts from IDS, IPS, SIEM, AV, and other security systems
2. Logs generated by systems, services, and applications
3. Exploit developers
4. Internal and external sources

During an nmap scan of a network, Charles receives the following response from nmap:

Starting Nmap 7.01 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2017-04-21 20:03 EDT
 
Nmap done: 256 IP addresses (0 hosts up) scanned in 29.74 seconds

What can Charles deduce about the network segment from these results?

1. There are no active hosts in the network segment.
2. All hosts on the network segment are firewalled.
3. The scan was misconfigured.
4. Charles cannot determine if there are hosts on the network segment from this scan.

Joe is designing a vulnerability management program for his company, a hosted service provider. He would like to check all relevant documents for customer requirements that may affect his scanning. Which one of the following documents is least likely to contain this information?

1. BPA
2. SLA
3. MOU
4. BIA

During a port scan of a server, Gwen discovered that the following ports are open on the internal network:

TCP port 25

TCP port 80

TCP port 110

TCP port 443

TCP port 1521

TCP port 3389

Of the services listed here, for which one does the scan not provide evidence that it is likely running on the server?

1. Web
2. Database
3. SSH
4. Email

As part of her forensic analysis of a wiped thumb drive, Selah runs Scalpel to carve data from the image she created. After running Scalpel, she sees the following in the audit.log file created by the program. What should Selah do next?

1. Run a data recovery program on the drive to retrieve the files.
2. Run Scalpel in filename recovery mode to retrieve the actual filenames and directory structures of the files.
3. Review the contents of the scalpelout folder.
4. Use the identified file names to process the file using a full forensic suite.

As part of a government acquisitions program for the U.S. Department of Defense, Sean is required to ensure that the chips and other hardware-level components used in the switches, routers, and servers that he purchases do not include malware or other potential attack vectors. What type of supplier should Sean seek out?

1. A TPM
2. An OEM provider
3. A trusted foundry
4. A gray-market provider

One of the servers that Adam is responsible for recently ran out of disk space. Despite system-level alarms, the problem was not detected, resulting in an outage when the server crashed. How would this issue be categorized if the NIST threat categorization method was used as part of an after-action review?

1. Environmental
2. Adversarial
3. Accidental
4. Structural

Ben would like guidance on grouping information into varying levels of sensitivity. He plans to use these groupings to assist with decisions around the security controls that the organization will apply to storage devices containing that information. Which one of the following policies is most likely to contain relevant information for Ben’s decision-making process?

1. Data retention policy
2. Data classification policy
3. Data encryption policy
4. Data disposal policy

Erin is attempting to collect network configuration information from a Windows system on her network. She is familiar with the Linux operating system and would use the ifconfig command to obtain the desired information on a Linux system. What equivalent command should she use in Windows?

1. ipconfig
2. netstat
3. ifconfig
4. netcfg

Lonnie ran a vulnerability scan of a server that he recently detected in his organization that is not listed in the organization’s configuration management database. One of the vulnerabilities detected is shown here. What type of service is most likely running on this server?

1. Database
2. Web
3. Time
4. Network management

Which CompTIA-defined phase of an incident response process includes scanning, validating and updating permissions, and patching impacted machines?

1. Eradication
2. Validation
3. Recovery
4. Reporting

Which NIST attack vector classification best describes a distributed denial-of-service attack?

1. Impersonation
2. Improper usage
3. Web
4. Attrition

Taylor is preparing to run vulnerability scans of a web application server that his organization recently deployed for public access. He would like to understand what information is available to a potential external attacker about the system as well as what damage an attacker might be able to cause on the system. Which one of the following scan types would be least likely to provide this type of information?

1. Internal network vulnerability scan
2. Port scan
3. Web application vulnerability scan
4. External network vulnerability scan

While analyzing a packet capture in Wireshark, Chris finds the packet shown here. Which of the following is he unable to determine from this packet?

1. That the username used was gnome
2. That the protocol used was FTP
3. That the password was gnome123
4. That the remote system was 137.30.120.40

Cynthia’s review of her network traffic focuses on the graph shown here. What occurred in late June?

1. Beaconing
2. High network bandwidth consumption
3. A denial-of-service attack
4. A link failure

Ron arrived at the office this morning to find a subpoena on his desk requesting electronic records in his control. What type of procedure should he consult to determine appropriate next steps, including the people he should consult and the technical process he should follow?

1. Evidence production procedure
2. Monitoring procedure
3. Data classification procedure
4. Patching procedure

Ben is attempting to determine what services a Windows system is running and decides to use the netstat -at command to list TCP ports. He receives the output shown here. The system is most likely running which services?

1. A plain-text web server, Microsoft file sharing, and a secure web server
2. SSH, email, and a plain-text web server
3. An email server, a plain-text web server, and Microsoft-DS
4. A plain-text web server, Microsoft RPC, and Microsoft-DS

Paul is researching models for implementing an IT help desk and would like to draw upon best practices in the industry. Which one of the following standard frameworks would provide Paul with the best guidance?

1. ISO
2. ITIL
3. COBIT
4. PCI DSS

Which stage of the incident response process includes activities such as adding IPS signatures to detect new attacks?

1. Detection and analysis
2. Containment, eradication, and recovery
3. Post-incident activity
4. Preparation

Mike is configuring vulnerability scans for a new web server in his organization. The server is located on the DMZ network, as shown here. What type of scans should Mike configure for best results?

1. Mike should not scan servers located in the DMZ.
2. Mike should perform only internal scans of the server.
3. Mike should perform only external scans of the server.
4. Mike should perform both internal and external scans of the server.

As part of her incident response process on a live Windows system, Alex reviews services using services.msc. What finding should Alex take away from her review of this based on the image shown here?

1. Services are running normally.
2. The system is infected with malware.
3. The system’s Windows antivirus software is disabled.
4. The system will not generate logs properly because Event Collector is set to Manual.

Susan is building an incident response program and intends to implement NIST’s recommended actions to improve the effectiveness of incident analysis. Which of the following items is not a NIST-recommended incident analysis improvement?

1. Perform behavioral baselining.
2. Create and implement a logging policy.
3. Set system BIOS clocks regularly.
4. Maintain an organization-wide system configuration database.

Jim’s nmap port scan of a system showed the following list of ports:

PORT     STATE SERVICE
80/tcp   open  http
135/tcp  open  msrpc
139/tcp  open  netbios-ssn
445/tcp  open  microsoft-ds
902/tcp  open  iss-realsecure
912/tcp  open  apex-mesh
3389/tcp open  ms-wbt-server

What operating system is the remote system most likely running?

1. Windows
2. Linux
3. An embedded OS
4. macOS

The Snort IPS that Adam has configured includes a rule that reads as follows:

alert tcp $EXTERNAL_NET any -> 10.0.10.0/24 80
(msg:"Alert!";
content:"http|3a|//www.example.com/download.php"; nocase;
offset:12; classtype: web-application-activity;sid:5555555; rev:1;)

What type of detection method is Adam using?

1. Anomaly based
2. Trend based
3. Availability based
4. Behavioral based

Peter works for an organization that is joining a consortium of similar organizations that use a federated identity management system. He is configuring his identity management system to participate in the federation. Specifically, he wants to ensure that users at his organization will be able to use their credentials to access federated services. What role is Peter configuring?

1. Relying party
2. Service provider
3. Identity provider
4. Consumer

Greg is seeking to protect his organization against attacks that involve the theft of user credentials. Which one of the following threats poses the greatest risk of credential theft in most organizations?

1. DNS poisoning
2. Phishing
3. Telephone-based social engineering
4. Shoulder surfing

As part of her duties as an SOC analyst, Emily is tasked with monitoring intrusion detection sensors that cover her employer’s corporate headquarters network. During her shift, Emily’s IDS reports that a network scan has occurred from a system with IP address 10.0.11.19 on the organization’s unauthenticated guest wireless network aimed at systems on an external network. What should Emily’s first step be?

1. Report the event to the impacted third parties.
2. Report the event to law enforcement.
3. Check the system’s MAC address against known assets.
4. Check authentication logs to identify the logged-in user.

Which of the following commands is not useful for validating user permissions on a Linux system?

1. more /etc/sudoers
2. groups
3. stat
4. strings

Tommy’s company recently implemented a new policy that restricts root access to its cloud computing service provider master account. This policy requires that a team member from the operations group retrieve a password from a password vault to log in to the account. The account then uses two-factor authentication that requires that a team member from the security group approve the login. What type of control is the company using?

1. Separation of duties
2. Privileged account monitoring
3. Dual control
4. Least privilege

Tim works in an environment that is subject to the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard. He realizes that technical constraints prevent the organization from meeting a specific PCI DSS requirement and want to implement a compensating control. Which one of the following statements is not true about proper compensating controls?

1. The control must include a clear audit mechanism.
2. The control must meet the intent and rigor of the original requirement.
3. The control must provide a similar level of defense as the original requirement provides.
4. The control must be above and beyond other requirements.

Lou recently scanned a web server in his environment and received the vulnerability report shown here. What action can Lou take to address this vulnerability?

1. Configure TLS
2. Replace the certificate
3. Unblock port 443
4. Block port 80

Mike’s company recently suffered a security incident when they lost control of thousands of personal customer records. Many of these records were from projects that ended long ago and served no business purpose. What type of policy, if followed, would have best limited the impact of this incident?

1. Data ownership policy
2. Account management policy
3. Acceptable use policy
4. Data retention policy

Which of the following factors is not typically considered when determining whether evidence should be retained?

1. Media life span
2. Likelihood of civil litigation
3. Organizational retention policies
4. Likelihood of criminal prosecution

Match each of the following with the appropriate element of the CIA triad:

1. A hard drive failure resulting in a service outage
2. A termination letter that is left on a printer and read by others in the department

3. Modification of an email’s content by a third party

   1. 1. Integrity, 2. confidentiality, 3. confidentiality
   2. 1. Integrity, 2. confidentiality, 3. availability
   3. 1. Availability, 2. availability, 3. confidentiality
   4. 1. Availability, 2. confidentiality, 3. integrity

Niesha discovered the vulnerability shown here on a server running in her organization. What would be the best way for Niesha to resolve this issue?

1. Disable the use of AES-GCM.
2. Upgrade OpenSSH.
3. Upgrade the operating system.
4. Update antivirus signatures.

As part of her post-incident recovery process, Alicia creates a separate virtual network as shown here to contain compromised systems she needs to investigate. What containment technique is she using?

1. Segmentation
2. Isolation
3. Removal
4. Reverse engineering

Jennifer is reviewing her network monitoring configurations and sees the following chart for a system she runs remotely in Amazon’s Web Services environment more than 400 miles away. What can she use this data for?

1. Incident response; she needs to determine the issue causing the spikes in response time.
2. The high packet loss must be investigated, as it may indicate a denial-of-service attack.
3. She can use this data to determine a reasonable response time baseline.
4. The high response time must be investigated, as it may indicate a denial-of-service attack.

The Windows system that Fred is conducting live forensics on shows a partition map, as shown here. If Fred believes that a hidden partition was deleted resulting in the unallocated space, which of the following tools is best suited to identifying the data found in the unallocated space?

1. Scalpel
2. DBAN
3. parted
4. dd

During a postmortem forensic analysis of a Windows system that was shut down after its user saw strange behavior, Ben concludes that the system he is reviewing was likely infected with a memory-resident malware package. What is his best means of finding the malware?

1. Search for a core dump or hiberfil.sys to analyze.
2. Review the INDX files and Windows registry for signs of infection.
3. Boot the system and then use a tool like the Volatility Framework to capture live memory.
4. Check volume shadow copies for historic information prior to the reboot.

Randi’s organization recently suffered a cross-site scripting attack, and she plans to implement input validation to protect against the recurrence of such attacks in the future. Which one of the following HTML tags should be most carefully scrutinized when it appears in user input?

1. <SCRIPT>
2. <XSS>
3. <B>
4. <EM>

Jessie needs to prevent port scans like the scan shown here. Which of the following is a valid method for preventing port scans?

1. Not registering systems in DNS
2. Using a firewall to restrict traffic to only ports required for business purposes
3. Using a heuristic detection rule on an IPS
4. Implementing port security

The IT services company that Ben works for uses the NIST functional impact categories to describe the impact of incidents. During a recent construction project, a contractor plugged a network device in twice to the same switch, resulting in a network loop and taking down the organization’s network for a third of their users. How should Ben classify this event?

1. Urgent
2. Medium
3. Important
4. High

What information can be gathered by observing the distinct default values of the following TCP/IP fields during reconnaissance activities: initial packet size, initial TTL, window size, maximum segment size, and flags?

1. The target system’s TCP version
2. The target system’s operating system
3. The target system’s MAC address
4. These fields are only useful for packet analysis.

The collection of objects, the type of the objects, and how they relate to each other to create monitoring groups are all implemented as which of the following for SNMP?

1. MBI
2. MIB
3. SMI
4. OBJ

Ben needs to identify the device or storage type that has the lowest order of volatility. Which of the following is the least volatile?

1. Network traffic
2. A solid state drive
3. A spinning hard drive
4. A DVD-ROM

Jerry recently completed a vulnerability scan of his organization’s data center and received the vulnerability report shown here from a server running in the data center. This server is running on a virtualization platform running on a bare-metal hypervisor. Where must Jerry correct this issue?

1. Guest operating system
2. Hypervisor
3. Application
4. Host operating system

Dylan is an IT consultant brought in to assess the maturity of risk management practices at a firm using the NIST Cybersecurity Framework. During his evaluation, he determines that the organization does use an organization-wide approach to managing cybersecurity risk but that it does not use risk-informed policies, processes, and procedures to address potential cybersecurity events. At what tier of the Cybersecurity Framework does this organization’s risk management program reside?

1. Tier 1: Partial
2. Tier 2: Risk Informed
3. Tier 3: Repeatable
4. Tier 4: Adaptive

After receiving complaints about a system on her network not performing correctly, Kathleen decides to investigate the issue by capturing traffic with Wireshark. The captured traffic is shown here. What type of issue is Kathleen most likely seeing?

1. A link failure
2. A failed three-way handshake
3. A DDoS
4. A SYN flood

During a log review Lisa sees repeated firewall entries, as shown here:

Sep 16 2016 23:01:37: %ASA-4-106023: Deny tcp src outside:10.10.0.100/53534 dst
inside:192.168.1.128/1521 by 
access-group "OUTSIDE" [0x5063b82f, 0x0]
Sep 16 2016 23:01:38: %ASA-4-106023: Deny tcp src outside:10.10.0.100/53534 dst
inside:192.168.1.128/1521 by 
access-group "OUTSIDE" [0x5063b82f, 0x0]
Sep 16 2016 23:01:39: %ASA-4-106023: Deny tcp src outside:10.10.0.100/53534 dst
inside:192.168.1.128/1521 by 
access-group "OUTSIDE" [0x5063b82f, 0x0]
Sep 16 2016 23:01:40: %ASA-4-106023: Deny tcp src outside:10.10.0.100/53534 dst
inside:192.168.1.128/1521 by 
access-group "OUTSIDE" [0x5063b82f, 0x0]

What service is the remote system most likely attempting to access?

1. H.323
2. SNMP
3. MS-SQL
4. Oracle

After finishing a forensic case, Lucas needs to wipe the media that he is using to prepare it for the next case. Which of the following methods is best suited to preparing the SSD that he will use?

1. Degauss the drive.
2. Zero write the drive.
3. Use a PRNG.
4. Use the ATA Secure Erase command.

Dylan is creating a vulnerability management program for his company. He only has the resources to conduct daily scans of approximately 10 percent of his systems, and the rest will be scheduled for weekly scans. He would like to ensure that the systems containing the most sensitive information receive scans on a more frequent basis. What criteria is Dylan using?

1. Data privacy.
2. Data remnance.
3. Data retention.
4. Data classification.

While investigating a cybersecurity incident, Bob discovers the file shown here stored on a system on his network. Which one of the following tools most likely generated this file?

1. Cain & Abel
2. Metaspolit
3. ftk
4. John the Ripper

Which one of the following tools cannot be used as a web application vulnerability scanner?

1. Nikto
2. Acunetix
3. Nmap
4. QualysGuard

Peter is designing a vulnerability scanning program for the large chain of retail stores where he works. The store operates point-of-sale terminals in its retail stores as well as an e-commerce website. Which one of the following statements about PCI DSS compliance is not true?

1. Peter’s company must hire an approved scanning vendor to perform vulnerability scans.
2. The scanning program must include, at a minimum, weekly scans of the internal network.
3. The point-of-sale terminals and website both require vulnerability scans.
4. Peter may perform some required vulnerability scans on his own.

Rachel discovered the vulnerability shown here when scanning a web server in her organization. Which one of the following approaches would best resolve this issue?

1. Patching the server
2. Performing input validation
3. Adjusting firewall rules
4. Rewriting the application code

Charleen’s incident response team is fighting a rapidly spreading zero-day malware package that silently installs via Adobe Flash a vulnerability when an email attachment is viewed via webmail. After identifying a compromised system, she determines that the system is beaconing to a group of fast flux DNS entries. Which of the following techniques is best suited to identifying other infected hosts?

1. Update antivirus software and scan using the latest definitions.
2. Monitor for the IP addresses associated with the command-and-control systems.
3. Log DNS queries to identify compromised systems.
4. Check email logs for potential recipients of the message.

What nmap feature is enabled with the -O flag?

1. OS detection
2. Online/offline detection
3. Origami attack detection
4. Origination port validation

Mika uses a security token like the unit shown here and a password to authenticate to her PayPal account. What two types of factors is she using?

1. Something she knows and something she has
2. Something she knows and something she is
3. Something she is and something she has
4. Mika is only using one type of factor because she knows the token code and her password.

Jose is working with his manager to implement a vulnerability management program for his company. His manager tells him that he should focus on remediating critical and high-severity risks to externally accessible systems. He also tells Jose that the organization does not want to address risks on systems without any external exposure or risks rated medium or lower. Jose disagrees with this approach and believes that he should also address critical and high-severity risks on internal systems. How should he handle the situation?

1. Jose should recognize that his manager has made a decision based upon the organization’s risk appetite and should accept it and carry out his manager’s request.
2. Jose should discuss his opinion with his manager and request that the remediation criteria be changed.
3. Jose should ask his manager’s supervisor for a meeting to discuss his concerns about the manager’s approach.
4. Jose should carry out the remediation program in the manner that he feels is appropriate because it will address all of the risks identified by the manager as well as additional risks.

Susan needs to test thousands of submitted binaries. She needs to ensure that the applications do not contain malicious code. What technique is best suited to this need?

1. Sandboxing
2. Implementing a honeypot
3. Decompiling and analyzing the application code
4. Fagan testing

Which one of the following is an example of a logical control?

1. Lock and key
2. Firewall rule
3. Background check
4. Security guard

Chris is implementing cryptographic controls to protect his organization and would like to use defense-in-depth controls to protect sensitive information stored and transmitted by a web server. Which one of the following controls would be least suitable to directly provide this protection?

1. TLS
2. VPN
3. DLP
4. FDE

Alex needs to deploy a solution that will limit access to his network to only authorized individuals while also ensuring that the systems that connect to the network meet his organization’s patching, antivirus, and configuration requirements. Which of the following technologies will best meet these requirements?

1. Whitelisting
2. Port security
3. NAC
4. EAP

Chris has been tasked with removing data from systems and devices that leave his organization. One of the devices is a large multifunction device that combines copying, fax, and printing capabilities. It has a built-in hard drive to store print jobs and was used in an office that handles highly sensitive business information. If the multifunction device is leased, what is his best option for handling the drive?

1. Destroy the drive.
2. Reformat the drive using the MFD’s built-in formatting program.
3. Remove the drive and format it using a separate PC.
4. Remove the drive and purge it.

Rhonda recently configured new vulnerability scans for her organization’s data center. Completing the scans according to current specifications requires that they run all day, every day. After the first day of scanning, Rhonda received complaints from administrators of network congestion during peak business hours. How should Rhonda handle this situation?

1. Adjust the scanning frequency to avoid scanning during peak times.
2. Request that network administrators increase available bandwidth to accommodate scanning.
3. Inform the administrators of the importance of scanning and ask them to adjust the business requirements.
4. Ignore the request because it does not meet security objectives.

After restoring a system from 30-day-old backups after a compromise, administrators at Michelle’s company return the system to service. Shortly after that, Michelle detects similar signs of compromise again. Why is restoring a system from a backup problematic in many cases?

1. Backups cannot be tested for security issues.
2. Restoring from backup may reintroduce the original vulnerability.
3. Backups are performed with the firewall off and are insecure after restoration.
4. Backups cannot be properly secured.

Captured network traffic from a compromised system shows it reaching out to a series of five remote IP addresses that change on a regular basis. Since the system is believed to be compromised, the system’s Internet access is blocked, and the system is isolated to a quarantine VLAN.

When forensic investigators review the system, no evidence of malware is found. Which of the following scenarios is most likely?

1. The system was not infected, and the detection was a false positive.
2. The beaconing behavior was part of a web bug.
3. The beaconing behavior was due to a misconfigured application.
4. The malware removed itself after losing network connectivity.

Which one of the following ISO standards provides guidance on the development and implementation of information security management systems?

1. ISO 27001
2. ISO 9000
3. ISO 11120
4. ISO 23270

Mika’s forensic examination of a compromised Linux system is focused on determining what level of access attackers may have achieved using a compromised www account. Which of the following is not useful if she wants to check for elevated privileges associated with the www user?

1. /etc/passwd
2. /etc/shadow
3. /etc/sudoers
4. /etc/group

Tracy is validating the web application security controls used by her organization. She wants to ensure that the organization is prepared to conduct forensic investigations of future security incidents. Which one of the following OWASP control categories is most likely to contribute to this effort?

1. Implement logging
2. Validate all inputs
3. Parameterize queries
4. Error and exception handling

Gary is using agent-based scanning to assess the security of his environment. Every time that Gary runs a vulnerability scan against a particular system, it causes the system to hang. He spoke with the system administrator who provided him with a report showing that the system is current with patches and has a properly configured firewall that allows access only from a small set of trusted internal servers. Gary and the server administrator both consulted the vendor, and they are unable to determine the cause of the crashes and suspect that it may be a side effect of the agent. What would be Gary’s most appropriate course of action?

1. Approve an exception for this server.
2. Continue scanning the server each day.
3. Require that the issue be corrected in 14 days and then resume scanning.
4. Decommission the server.

Brent’s organization runs a web application that recently fell victim to a man-in-the-middle attack. Which one of the following controls serves as the best defense against this type of attack?

1. HTTPS
2. Input validation
3. Patching
4. Firewall

During an nmap port scan using the -sV flag to determine service versions, Sarah discovers that the version of SSH on the Linux system she is scanning is not up-to-date. When she asks the system administrators, they inform her that the system is fully patched and that the SSH version is current. What issue is Sarah most likely experiencing?

1. The system administrators are incorrect.
2. The nmap version identification is using the banner to determine the service version.
3. nmap does not provide service version information, so Sarah cannot determine version levels in this way.
4. The systems have not been rebooted since they were patched.

Tyler scans his organization’s mail server for vulnerabilities and finds the result shown here. What should be his next step?

1. Shut down the server immediately.
2. Initiate the change management process.
3. Apply the patch.
4. Rerun the scan.

Carla is performing a penetration test of a web application and would like to use a software package that allows her to modify requests being sent from her system to a remote web server. Which one of the following tools would not meet Carla’s needs?

1. Nessus
2. Burp
3. ZAP
4. Tamper Data

Alex learns that a recent Microsoft patch covers a zero-day exploit in Microsoft Office that occurs because of incorrect memory handling. The flaw is described as potentially resulting in memory corruption and arbitrary code execution in the context of the current privilege level. Exploitation of the flaws can occur if victims open a specifically crafted Office document in a vulnerable version of Microsoft Office.

If Alex finds out that approximately 15 of the workstations in his organization have been compromised by this malware, including one workstation belonging to a domain administrator, what phase of the incident response process should he enter next?

1. Preparation
2. Detection and analysis
3. Containment, eradication, and recovery
4. Post-incident activity