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Previous Chapter

Language features by version

C# in Depth, Fourth Edition

Index

[SYMBOL][A][B][C][D][E][F][G][H][I][J][K][L][M][N][O][P][Q][R][S][T][U][V][W][X][Y]

SYMBOL

! operator, 2^nd != operator, 2^nd & operator && operator == operator, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th => syntax, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th ?. operator, 2^nd ?: operator, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th ?? operator, 2^nd ^ operator _ discards | operator

A

Action delegate add signatures general-purpose specialized Add() method, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th, 6^th, 7^th Add(key, value) method AddOrUpdate method AddRange method Advanced Build Settings dialog box AggregateException aliases extern global namespace predefined. See also namespace aliases. aliasing alignment alt.NET community AND operator anonymous classes, Java anonymous functions asynchronous overview of anonymous methods, 2^nd, 3^rd anonymous object creation expression anonymous types, 2^nd, 3^rd as alternatives to tuples behavior of compiler-generated types limitations of syntax of Any() method application programming interfaces (APIs) nonpublic null-returning args parameter array ArgumentException ArgumentNullException, 2^nd, 3^rd ArgumentOutOfRangeException arguments iterator/async named validating, 2^nd. See also type arguments. See also type arguments. arity array types ArrayList, 2^nd arrays, 2^nd as operator, 2^nd, 3^rd as-followed-by-if statements AsQueryable() method assemblies, interop Assert.ThrowsAsync method assignment operator assignments deconstruction to existing properties to existing variables definite AsTask method async methods async/await feature, 2^nd asynchronous code asynchronous anonymous functions asynchronous method declarations parameters in asynchronous methods return types from asynchronous methods asynchronous method flow awaitable pattern members awaited evaluating await expressions exception unwrapping method completion avoid mixing with synchronous code await expressions awaitable patterns restrictions on control flow and MoveNext() awaiting within loops awaiting within try/finally blocks control flow between await expressions custom task types, 2^nd execution contexts flow functions implementing MoveNext() method examples of general structure of zooming into await expressions main methods in C# 7.1 structure of generated code MoveNext() method SetStateMachine method state machine boxing structure of state machines stub method usage tips allowing cancellation avoiding context capture using ConfigureAwait enabling parallelism testing asynchrony wrapping return values asynchronous integration asynchronous iterators asynchronous resource disposal with using await with foreach await asynchronous iterations with foreach await overview of asynchronous methods flow await awaitable pattern members evaluating await expressions exception unwrapping method completion method declarations parameters in asynchronous methods return types from asynchronous methods modeling parameters in return types from asynchronous resource disposal asynchrony overview of fundamentals of asynchronous execution modeling asynchronous methods synchronization contexts testing AsyncTaskMethodBuilder class, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th AsyncTaskMethodBuilderAttribute AsyncVoidMethodBuilder attributes expressing nullable intent with for fields backing automatically implemented properties. See also caller information attributes. automatically implemented properties, 2^nd, 3^rd attributes for fields backing initializing read-only in structs await expressions, 2^nd awaitable patterns control flow between evaluating foreach await overview of restrictions on using await statement await operator awaitable patterns, 2^nd awaiters, 2^nd, 3^rd awaiting within loops within try/finally blocks AwaitOnCompleted, 2^nd AwaitUnsafeOnCompleted method, 2^nd, 3^rd

B

bang operators best practices overview of BenchmarkDotNet project BigQuery binary compatible binary integer literals binary-ish operator BindableObject class Binder class binding, 2^nd. See also dynamic binding. See also dynamic binding. Blazor boilerplate code Boolean comparisons boxing behavior state machines buffers. See fixed-size buffers. BuilderType property Button classes Button.OnClick method byte-wise access ByteStream

C

C# 2 generics advantages of default operators generic type initialization generic type state identifying type constraints type inference for type arguments to methods typeof operators iterators evaluating finally blocks evaluating yield statements implementation sketches lazy execution overview of language features in minor features of fixed-size buffers InternalsVisibleTo namespace aliases partial types pragma directives separate getter/setter access for properties static classes nullable value types expressing absence of information language support Nullable struct simplified delegate creation anonymous methods delegate compatibility method group conversions C# 3 anonymous types behavior of compiler-generated types limitations of syntax of automatically implemented properties collection initializers benefits of single expressions for initialization overview of extension methods chaining method calls declaring invoking implicit typing implicitly typed arrays implicitly typed local variables typing terminology Lambda expressions capturing variables expression trees syntax of language features in LINQ object initializers benefits of single expressions for initialization overview of query expressions LINQ syntax range variables translating from C# to C# transparent identifiers C# 4 COM interoperability improvements linking primary interop assemblies named indexers optional parameters in COM dynamic typing advantages of anonymous functions anonymous types dynamic behavior explicit interface implementation extension methods generating IL for generics and limitations of overview of, 2nd usage suggestions generic variance examples of in practice restrictions on using variance syntax for variance in interface declarations language features in named arguments determining meaning of method calls impact on versioning optional parameters determining meaning of method calls impact on versioning parameters with default values C# 5 caller information attributes behavior of corner cases of logging with old versions of .NET simplifying INotifyPropertyChanged implementations capturing variables in foreach loops language features in C# 6 language features in restrictions on expression-bodied members in C# 7 custom task types in building ValueTask improvements to numeric literals binary integer literals underscore separators local methods implementing usage guidelines variables within out variables inline variable declarations for out parameters restrictions lifted in C# 7.3 for out variables restrictions lifted in C# 7.3 for pattern variables throw expressions C# 7.0 language features in patterns in constant patterns type patterns var pattern C# 7.1 asynchronous code in default literals in inferred element names for tuple literals in language features in C# 7.2 accessing private protected in conditional ?: operator in declaring structs as readonly in implicit copying with read-only variables readonly modifier for structs XML serialization implicitly read-write in parameters in compatibility extension methods with guidance for mutability of overloading with language features in nontrailing named arguments in ref parameters in ref readonly in ref values in ref-like structs in IL representation of rules for Span stackalloc C# 7.3 equality operators in improved access to fixed-size buffers in improvements in attributes for fields backing automatically implemented properties generic type constraints overload resolution inequality operators in language features in pattern-based fixed statements in restrictions lifted for out variables restrictions lifted for pattern variables stackalloc with initializers in C# 8 asynchronous integration asynchronous iteration with foreach await asynchronous iterators asynchronous resource disposal with using await default interface methods extensions indexes applying index literals index types nullable reference types advantages of bang operator changing meaning when using reference types at compile time entering at execution time future improvements to migration of ranges applying range literals range types record types recursive pattern matching deconstruction patterns matching properties in patterns omitting types from patterns switch expressions target-typed new type classes Caliburn Micro MVVM framework call sites callback caller information attributes, 2^nd attributes with behavior of corner cases of dynamically invoked members implicit constructor invocations non-obvious member names query expression invocations logging with old versions of .NET simplifying INotifyPropertyChanged implementations CallerFilePathAttribute CallerLineNumberAttribute CallerMemberNameAttribute, 2^nd, 3^rd cancellations allowing handling CancellationToken, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th CancellationTokenSource, 2^nd candidate types captured variables, 2^nd capturing ref parameters of enclosing methods variables in foreach loops implementing captured variables with generated class multiple instantiations of local variables from multiple scopes carriage-return line-feed separators case labels case-specific exception filters catch block, 2^nd catch clause ceremony chaining method calls checking nullability class keyword classes generated static type clauses, guard closed constructed types closures, 2^nd CLR. See Common Runtime Language. CodedInputStream class collection initializers, 2^nd benefits of single expressions for initialization enhancements to extension methods in creating general-purpose add signatures creating specialized add signatures reexposing existing methods overview of test code vs. production code colons, 2^nd COM. See Component Object Model. Common Language Runtime (CLR), tuples in element name handling extension methods implementing tuple conversions nongeneric ValueTuple struct regular equality and ordering comparisons string representations of structural equality and ordering comparisons System.ValueTuple womples community Community Technology Preview (CTP) Company class CompareTo method comparisons Boolean, handling ordering regular equality and structural equality and compatibility of delegates of in parameters compile time Compile() method compile-time error compiler handling of Deconstruct calls of interpolated string literals compiler-generated types compilers overview of providing with semantic information compiling expression trees Complete state completed tasks Component Object Model (COM) improvements to interoperability linking primary interop assemblies named indexers optional parameters in composite format string computed properties property change notifications for read-only delegating properties pass-through properties performing simple logic on another piece of state conditional ?: operator conditional operators. See null conditional operators. ConfigureAwait method, 2^nd ConfigureAwaitChecker.Analyzer NuGet package Console.WriteLine method, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th constant patterns constraints, type generic overview of construction constructor constraint constructor invocations context capture contexts execution synchronization continuations contravariance control flow between await expressions MoveNext() and awaiting within loops awaiting within try/finally blocks Control.BeginInvoke Control.Invoke conversion constraint conversions between tuple types generic variance conversions tuple type identity conversions explicit to expression trees generic variance identity conversions of tuple types implicit method group conversions of tuples element name checking in inheritance equality operators in C# 7.3 implementing inequality operators in C# 7.3 uses of to tuples types copying, implicitly corner cases, of caller information attributes attributes with caller information attributes dynamically invoked members implicit constructor invocations non-obvious member names query expression invocations Count() method, 2^nd, 3^rd covariance cruft CTP. See Community Technology Preview. CultureInfo CultureInfo.CurrentCulture property CultureInfo.InvariantCulture property, 2^nd cultures default formatting FormattableString in noninvariant Current property, 2^nd

D

damn it operators. See bang operators. data access with LINQ database access DateTime DateTime.Add(TimeSpan) method DateTimeOffset debug declarations delegate declarations interface declarations variable declarations. See also asynchronous methods, method declarations. declaring extension methods local methods after declaring captured variables decompilers, 2^nd Deconstruct methods, 2^nd, 3^rd deconstruction assignments to existing properties assignments to existing variables to new variables of nontuple types compiler handling of Deconstruct calls extension deconstruction methods instance deconstruction methods overloading opportunities for of tuple literals of tuples deconstruction patterns default cultures default indexer default interface methods default literals, 2^nd default operators, 2^nd default values changing parameters with definite assignment, 2^nd delegate creation expressions delegate declarations delegate keyword delegates compatibility of compiling expression trees to creating anonymous methods method group conversions delegating properties dereferencing properties Dictionary collection directives. See pragma directives. Dispose() method, 2^nd, 3^rd Distinct() method DLR. See Dynamic Language Runtime. dot operator dot syntax DownloadString dynamic behavior dynamic view of Json.NET examples of database access ExpandoObject implementing dynamic binder element names high element numbers tuples and dynamic binding dynamic values and overview of dynamic formatting Dynamic Language Runtime (DLR) dynamic typing, 2^nd anonymous functions anonymous types applying dynamic binding compilers dynamic behavior dynamic view of Json.NET examples of database access ExpandoObject implementing dynamic values and dynamic binding dynamic values and static types extension methods generating IL for generics and implementing explicit interfaces libraries for limitations of overview of, 2^nd usage suggestions common members without common interface reflection dynamic values dynamic binding and static types and dynamically invoked members DynamicMetaObject DynamicObject class, 2^nd

E

element initializers element names checking in inheritance dynamic binder and at execution time handling inferred in metadata in tuple literal conversions elements accessing by name accessing by position copying encapsulation enclosing methods end users entry points Enumerable class Enumerable.Count() method, 2^nd enums equality regular structural equality operators, 2^nd Equals() method, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th evaluation order event subscription EventHandler, 2^nd EventInfo events, raising exception filters case-specific logging as side effect rethrowing retrying operations syntax of catching exception type multiple times two-pass exception model exception types exceptions lazy unwrapping exclusive OR operator Executing state execution asynchronous element names at time of execution contexts execution time ExecutionContext class ExecutionContext.Capture ExecutionContext.Run ExpandoObject explicit conversions explicit interfaces explicit typing exposing methods expression bodies Expression class, 2^nd expression trees, 2^nd, 3^rd compiling to delegates limitations of conversions to expression-bodied indexers expression-bodied lambda expressions expression-bodied members, 2^nd guidelines for read-only computed properties delegating properties pass-through properties performing simple logic on another piece of state restrictions on expression-bodied methods expression-bodied operators expressions reevaluating single switch throw expressions. See also await expressions. extended type [Extension] attribute extension deconstruction methods extension methods chaining method calls in collection initializers creating general-purpose add signatures creating specialized add signatures reexposing existing methods declaring with in parameters in C# 7.2 invoking overview of ref extension methods with ref parameters in C# 7.2 ref/in parameters in static directives and extensions extern aliases

F

false operator fast path fetch result Fibonacci sequence, 2^nd fields attributes for read-only ref fields File.ReadLines method filters. See also exception filters. finally blocks, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th FirstOrDefault fixed statements, pattern-based fixed-size buffers flow. See also asynchronous methods, flow. fluent syntax for statement foreach await statement foreach loops Format method format string FormattableString class, 2^nd formatting in noninvariant culture formatting in specific cultures localization using with older versions of .NET uses for FormattableStringFactory class, 2^nd formatting with default cultures deferring for strings dynamically FormattableString in noninvariant cultures FormattableString in specific cultures for machines for readability strings in .NET custom formatting with format strings localization simple string formatting strings in interpolated string literals from clause function member functions. See anonymous functions.

G

generated classes generated code, structure of MoveNext() method SetStateMachine method state machine boxing structure of state machines stub method generators generic methods generic type constraints generic types arity of initializing states generic variance, 2^nd conversions examples of in practice restrictions on using variance syntax for variance in delegate declarations syntax for variance in interface declarations GenericParameter generics, 2^nd advantages of arity of generic methods arity of generic types type arguments type parameters default operators dynamic typing and generic type initialization generic type state identifying null-inconsistent generics overview of, 2^nd type constraints type inference for type arguments to methods typeof operators GetAsyncEnumerator() method, 2^nd GetAwaiter() method, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th, 6^th GetEnumerator() method, 2^nd, 3^rd GetHashCode() method, 2^nd, 3^rd GetPinnableReference method, 2^nd GetResult() method, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th GetStringAsync() method, 2^nd getter/setter access GetType() method, 2^nd, 3^rd GetValueOrDefault() method global namespace aliases globalization Google.Protobuf package goto statement, 2^nd, 3^rd guard clauses, 2^nd Guid Guid.NewGuid

H

handling catch block hash codes HasValue property, 2^nd Height property HotSpot JIT compiler, Java HttpClient, 2^nd HttpClient.GetStringAsync HttpRequestException

I

IAsyncEnumerator interface, 2^nd IAsyncStateMachine interface IAsyncStateMachine.SetStateMachine IComparable interface IComparable<T> interface ICriticalNotifyCompletion method, 2^nd ICriticalNotifyCompletion.UnsafeOnCompleted identifiers accessing with nameof common uses of nameof nameof examples tricks when using nameof transparent identity conversions, 2^nd, 3^rd IDisposable interface, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th IDynamicMetaObjectProvider interface, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th IEnumerable interface IEnumerable.GetEnumerator() method IEnumerator interface IEquatable interface IFormatProvider interface IFormattable interface, 2^nd, 3^rd IFormattable.ToString(string, IFormatProvider) method IIS. See Internet Information Server. IL. See Intermediate Language. ILogger interface implicit constructor invocations implicit conversions, 2^nd implicit copying implicit typing, 2^nd implicitly typed arrays implicitly typed local variables, 2^nd importing static members in extension methods in parameters, in C# 7.2 compatibility extension methods with guidance for mutability of overloading with InAttribute attribute, 2^nd index literals index types IndexerNameAttribute indexers expression-bodied named null conditional operators and in object initializers indexes applying index literals index types inequality operators inference. See type inference. inferring element names infoof operator information, absence of inheritance initializers initializing, 6^th. See also collection initializers. automatically implemented properties benefits of single expressions for generic types ref locals inline variable declarations INotifyCompletion interface, 2^nd INotifyCompletion.OnCompleted method INotifyPropertyChanged, 2^nd instance deconstruction methods instance method instantiations of local variables int.TryParse integration. See asynchronous integration. interface declarations interface methods interfaces common members without common interface explicit interior pointer Intermediate Language (IL) generating for dynamic types representation of ref-like structs InternalsVisibleToAttribute attribute, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th, 6^th Internet Information Server (IIS) interop assemblies interpolated string literals compiler handling of formatting strings in interpolated verbatim string literals limitations of overview of simple interpolations interpolations InvalidCastException InvalidOperationException, 2^nd invariance invariant culture Invariant method, 2^nd invocations implicit constructor invocations query expression invocations Invoke method invoking extension methods IOException is operator, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th IsFixedSize property IsReadOnlyAttribute, 2^nd [IsRefLikeAttribute] attribute IStructuralComparable interface IStructuralEquatable interface Items property iteration variables iterations asynchronous overview of iterator blocks, 2^nd iterator/async arguments iterators, 2^nd asynchronous evaluation of finally blocks evaluation of yield statements implementing lazy execution overview of IXmlSerializable

J

Java HotSpot JIT compiler JIT (just-in-time) compilers Json.NET

K

KeyNotFoundException KeyValuePair

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