A-weighting filter, 69, 712

Absolute accuracy, 725

AC-3 coding system, see Dolby AC-3 coding system

Accumulator, 96

Active filter, 205

Adaptive slicer, 353

Adaptive Spectral Perceptual Entropy Coding (ASPEC), 302, 313

Addresses, memory, 6, 486

Adiabatic process, 34

Advanced audio coding (AAC), 305, 316–22

encoder, 316, 317, 318

intensity/coupling stage, 320

inter-block prediction, 320

intra-block prediction, 319–20

modules, 316

profiles, 316

requantization, 321

Advanced television systems ommittee (ATSC) broadcasts, audio content, 302

AES-3-1985, 447

AES-3-1992 interface, 447, 448

AES-18-1992 data packet scheme, 461

AES/EBU interface, 31, 445, 446, 448

address form, 531

block-sync pattern, 536

clock accuracy, 469

code specification, 364, 413–15

with DAT player, 460

frame structure, 449–52

quality, 730–33

reference signal, 467

routing process, 469–70

synchronization, 386, 466–8

use with MADI, 462

Agarwal-Burrus filter structure, 171

AGC system, for replay signal, 340–41

Airy function, 649, 650, 657

Aliasing, 200–202, 204, 725

Analog technology, 1–2

filters, 137, 205

and information capacity, 197

mixers, 108, 113

television broadcasting, 480

Analog-to-digital conversion (ADC), 10, 242–8

effect on sound quality, 722

noise shaping, 264–7

one-bit noise-shaping, 269–70

AND gate function, 91

Anharmonics, 223, 269

distortion by, 54

Anisotropy, 632

Anti-aliasing filter, 202, 204–205

Anti-image filter, 200

Antiferromagnetic materials, 334

Aperiodic signal, 37

Aperture effect, 215–16

Apt-X coding system, 294, 302, 322–3

Area-divided track following (ATF), 511

Arithmetic logic unit (ALU), 100

Artifacts, 280

Asymmetrical coding system, 276

Asynchronous operation, 468

AT&T Bell Labs, ASPEC system, 302

ATRAC (Adaptive TRansform Acoustic Coder), 302, 324–5, 684

Attentional selectivity, 733–4

Audio level metering, 69–71

Audio signal voltage, midrange reference, 83, 84

Audio transmission cabling, 74–6

Audio waveform, digital representation, 198

Auditory masking, 20, 28, 48, 49, 278, 712

Automatic dialogue replacement (ADR), 601

Average data rate, 15

Azimuth recording, 344–5

B-adjacent code, 418

Backward masking, 49

Bad-block file system, 583

Balanced line working, 74, 77

Band limitation, 204

Bandpass filters, 161–4

Bandsplitting process, 295

Bandwidth, 4

critical, 48, 52–3

Barkhausen noise, 338, 719

Bartlett window, 131

Baseline wander, 353

Beat frequency, 52

Beats, 51–3

Bel (unit), 66

Bi-phase mark coding, see FM coding

Binary system:

addition principles, 93, 96

coding notations, 81–4

scope, 5–6

signal transmission, 6–7

Birdsinging, see Anharmonics

Birefringence, 632, 635

Bit allocation (requantization step size), 308, 309

Bit error rate (BER), 391, 392

Bits (BInary digiTS), 5, 358

Blackman window, 133

Block coding, 290–91, 398–400

interleaving, 429

Broadcasting:

level metering, 71

use of compression, 277–8

use of disk systems, 598

use of PPM, 70

Burst errors, 16, 402

correction, 415–18

Butterfly (FFT element), 180, 181

Bytes, 5

Cable transmission:

audio, 74–6

coding, 361

constant impedance, 329–30

inductance, 332

Canonic structures, 171

Capacitance effects, 330–32

Capacitive coupling, 726, 727

Capacitors, 93

Cascading, 167

Category code, 457–9

CCETT (France), MUSICAM, 302

CCITT-V.11, 447

CCRC, 415

CD (Compact Disc), 9, 619, 620, 623–4

8/14 code, 370

category code, 459

construction, 624

cross-interleaving, 433

deformities, 672–3

EFM channel code, 664–74

enhanced, 263

information layer, 621, 646

manufacture, 653–8

mastering, 500, 501, 502, 612, 657–9, 676

personal portable players, 696

player structure, 692–9

readout, 345–6, 645–53

sampling rate, 209

scanning mechanism, 653

subcode, 685–92

sync pattern, 388

timing structure, 679

track structure, 680–83

wider-window effect, 196

CD-R (CD recordable), 346

CD-ROM, 9

Central processing unit (CPU), 99–100

interrupts, 101–103

Channel:

definition, 327–8

transmission, see Transmission channel

Channel coding, 19–20, 20, 329, 357–60, 360

bits, 358–9

communications, 379–83

DAT, 373–6

definition, 358

general-purpose, 362–5

group, 366–8, 369

recording-oriented, 360–61

transmission-oriented, 361–2

Channel status specification:

consumer, 456–60

professional, 453–6

Check word enable (CWE), 412

Chien search, 420

Cliff-edge effect, see Crash knee

Clipping, 270, 272

Clock, see Word clock

Clustering, block, 603

CNET, ASPEC system, 302

Cochlea (inner ear), 39, 40–42

Codebook, 366

Codec, 21, 276

level calibration, 283–4

use with a recorder, 277

Coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (COFDM), 383

Coder, see Compressor

Codes:

cyclic, see Cyclic codes

punctured, 413

Codeword, 397

systematic, 400

Coding:

asymmetrical system, 276

floating-point, 289–90

non-uniform, 289

sub-band, 291–2

variable-length, 282

Coding gain, 276, 289, 291, 301

COFDM (European DVB standard), 494

Communications codes, 379–83

Compact cassette, see DCC (digital compact cassette)

Compact Disc, see CD (Compact Disc)

Companding, 276, 288–9

near-instantaneous, see Block coding

Comparator, 269

Compression:

basics, 20–21, 276, 279–83

benefits, 275, 277

formats, 301–302

guidelines, 288

lossless, see Lossless coding

in stereo, 733–9

techniques available, 288–93

use for storage, 277

see also MPEG audio coding system

Compression factor, 276, 286–7

Computer:

in digital system, 96, 99

instructions, 98

operating system, 98

software, 98

stack, 102–103

subroutine, 102

Concatenation, 386, 388

Conditional Access Table (CAT), 488

Conductors, transmission, 329

Confidence replay, 19, 440

Consonant notes, 53, 54

Constant linear velocity (CLV), 656

Constant Q (filter bank characteristic), 186

Consumer equipment, standards, 31, 448

Contrast (light variation), 646

Controls, digital, 108–109

Conversion process, 196–8

analog-to-digital, see Analog-to-digital

conversion (ADC)

digital-to-analog, see Digital-to-analog

conversion (DAC)

Convertor, 10

alternative structures, 249–51

clipping, 270, 272

DPCM, 250–52

flash, 244–6, 253

gear-change, 248

integrator-type, 236, 240–41

interference design, 78

monolithic, 239, 241

noise-shaping, 251

PCM, 249–50

quality behaviour, 722–7

sigma DPCM, 250, 264

weighted-current, 239

Convolutional code, 398–400

Convolutional interleaving, 429–30, 431, 432

cross, 433

Convolutional randomizing, 383–5

Convolutional RLL codes, 376–7

Cosine coefficient, 181–2

Crash knee, codec quality, 286

CRC-16 standard, 412

Critical bands, 48–50

Cross-interleaving, 433

Crystal oscillator, 214–15

Curie temperature, 347, 348, 622, 662

Cyclic codes, 406–409

applications, 413–15

implementation, 412

mathematics, 409–12

Cyclic redundancy check (CRC) code blocks, 408

D-type latch, 93

DAB (digital audio broadcasting), 9, 28–9, 490–94

data rate, 383

MPEG audio coding, 302

MUSICAM system, 302

sampling rate, 209

use of compression, 21

DASH (digital audio stationary head), 539–46

adaptive slicing, 353

confidence replay, 440

cross-interleaving, 433, 545

error-correction strategy, 545

HDM-1 code, 376

interleaving, 545–6

interpolation, 545–6

record heads, 342

sampling rate, 209

DASH II (double density) version, 541

DASH-F version, 542

DASH-M version, 542

DASH-S version, 542

DAT (digital audio tape), 9

8 mm rotary format, 532

AES/EBU interface, 460

block diagram, 509

channel code, 373–6

data channel code, 518–20

editing process, 613

error correction systems, 435–9

half-inch rotary format, 532

interchange alignment, 515–18

interleaving, 438

introduction, 502–10

non-tracking replay, 531–2

prerecorded tapes, 510

Pro R time, 526–8

quarter-inch rotary format, 532

record heads, 693

sampling rate, 209

shuttle process, 521–4

timecode, 524–31

track following, 510–14

Data separation, 20, 350, 357

Data valid bit (V-bit), 105–106, 450

Data-reduction process, 20

DC offset removal, 159, 160

DC-free channel waveform, 352

DC-free codes, 665–7

DCC (digital compact cassette), 20, 21, 27–8, 537, 547–51, 698, 718

record heads, 342

De-interleaving, 18–19

DeciBel (unit), 45, 64, 68–9

Decimation process, 139

Decode time stamp (DTS), 483

Decoder, see Expander

Defect skipping, 584

Degradation, graceless, see Crash knee

Delay handling, data stream, 104

Delays, programmable, 13

Delta-modulation, 251, 255

Demultiplexer, 119

Density ratio (DR), 359

Deserializing, 385

CD, 674

Detent, 354, 358

Device under test (DUT), 710–20

Diatonic scale, 54

Dielectrics, 330

loss, 332

Differential non-linearity, 724–5

Differential pulse code modulation

(DPCM), 250–51

sigma, 250, 251–2

Differential quadrature phase shift keying

(DQPSK), 380, 477

Differential working, 74, 78

Differentiation, digital, 96, 97

Digital audio:

alternative media, 334, 445

in personal computers, 29–30

professional requirements, 31, 67, 75

Digital audio broadcasting, see DAB

Digital audio reference signal (DARS), 15

Digital audio tape, see DAT

Digital compact cassette, see DCC

Digital data storage (DDS), 9

Digital radio, see DAB

Digital signal processor (DSP) chips, 113, 115

Digital sum value (DSV), 372, 374

Digital systems:

benefits, 8–10

minimal, 10–11

self-diagnosis, 9

technology, 2–5

see also Digital audio

Digital video broadcasting (DVB), see DVB

Digital video disk (DVD), see DVD

Digital-to-analog conversion (DAC), 10, 12, 235–41, 247

consumer external, 215

effect on sound quality, 722

one-bit, 267–9

Direct form 2 filter, 168

Direct metal mastering, CD, 659–60

Discrete cosine transform (DCT), 183–6, 293, 299–301

inverse, 300

Discrete Fourier transform (DFT), 125, 174, 175, 177–9

see also Discrete cosine transform

Discrete frequency transform (DFT), 293

Discrete time integrator, 96

Disk drives:

floppy, see Floppy disks

flying head, 558–60

head movement, 562–3

magnetic, 556–7

playing time, 599

rotation subsystems, 566–7

sampling rate, 598

servo-surface, 567–71

use of transducer, 563

Disk pack, multiplatter, 557, 558

Disk systems, 591–4

advantages, 598–9

controller, 588–90

Disks:

arranging audio data, 595–7

error handling, 582–7

reading and writing, 560–62

structure, 558

Dissonance sensation, 52, 54

Distortion effects, 223, 711, 717

Dither:

basics, 224–7

digital technique, 230–31

Gaussian pdf, 234–5

rectangular pdf, 231–3

triangular pdf, 233–4

Dolby Laboratories:

AC-3 coding system, 302, 323–4

noise-reduction systems, 294

Dolph window, 133

Domain wall motion, 335, 337

Doppler shift, 37

Double insulation protection, 79

Droop, voltage, 210, 211

Dropouts, 16

DSIS (Dual Channel Sound in Syncs) system, 381, 383

DVB (digital video broadcasting), 20, 21

DVD (digital video disk), 619, 623–4

coding, 304

information layer, 652

player structure, 700–703

DVTR (digital video tape recorder)

audio samples, 533–6

sampling rate, 209

sectors, 534, 535

shuttle, 534–5

Dynamic element matching, 236, 238, 239

Ear:

finite frequency discrimination, 45, 734

finite time discrimination, 49

frequency selectivity, 41

inner, see Cochlea (inner ear)

inter-aural delay, 734

as lossy device, 708

musical sounds, 53–5

spacing, 42–3

structure, 39–40

see also Hearing

EBU, television timecode, 528, 605

Echo production, 115–17

Edit decision list (EDL), 599, 609

Edit point, 607–609

Editing process, 439–42, 600–602

in DAT, 613

with disc drives, 609–11

jump, 616–18

non-linear, 602

off-line, 277

on-line, 277

in open-reel digital recorders, 614–16

with random access media, 602

on recording media, 602–603

structure, 603–604

timecode, 605

Effects, producing, 115–17

EFM (eight to fourteen modulation)

channel code, 370–73, 664, 670

EIAJ format, 501

8/10 group code, 373–4

interleaving, 439

8/14 code, see EFM code

Electrical supply, 72, 329

safety devices, 78–9

Electromagnetic compatability (EMC), 76–8

Electromagnetic energy, 329–31

interference effects, 726

Elementary streams, 21

in DTV, 482

Encoder, rotary incremental, 109–10

Enhanced Compact Discs, 263

Entropy, 280

perceptual, 286

Equalization, channel, 348–50

Equalizer, see Pulse sharpener

Equiripple filter, 133

Equivalent rectangular bandwidth (ERB), 50

Erasure flags, 433

Error:

causes, 390–91

handling, 393–4

mechanisms, 391–2

Error bursts, 392

Error concealment, 17–18, 394–5

by interpolation, 394–5

Error correction:

appropriate level, 397

basics, 16–19, 392–3

by erasure, 426–8

detection stage, 393–4

MOS memories, 402

parity, 396–7

use of codewords, 397

XOR gate, 395

Error propagation, 394

Eureka 147 project, 302

Expander, 21, 276

External reference locking process, 15

Eye, effect of jitter and noise, 354

Eye pattern, 448

degradation, 378

Faders, 108–109

Faraday effect, 348

Ferrimagnetic materials, 334–5

Ferromagnetic materials, 335

Fibre-optic interfacing, 466

FIFO chip, see Silo

Figure of merit (FoM), 360

Filtering search, 179

Filters:

digital, 112, 121–5, 204–207

see also under individual type names

ideal, 202

Finite time discrimination, 49

Finite-impulse response (FIR) filters, 127, 129–36, 151

Fire code, 418

FireWire network, 474

Flash convertor, 244–6, 253

Floating-point coding, 289–90

block, 290–91

Floppy disks, 579–82

Flux modulation, 719

Flying head, disk drive, 558–60

Flywheel effect, 356, 365

FM coding, 362–4, 447

for disks, 560

FM radio, disadvantages, 490–91

Folded filter, 135, 136

Forward masking, 49

4/5 code, 463

Fourier Transform (FT), 125, 174, 183

Frame Alignment Word (FAW), 477

Fraunhofer Society, ASPEC system, 302

Frequency discrimination, 47–8, 49

Frequency domain/spectrum, 36–7, 125–7

Frequency modulation coding, see FM coding

Frequency response, 58–9, 712–13

Frequency searching, 179

Frequency shift keying (FSK), 23, 361, 667

Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM), 473

Full adder circuit, 96

Fundamental note, 53, 57

Fuses, 78

Gain coefficients, 108, 111

Gain control, 106–107, 110–12, 284

Gain error, 724

Galois field (GF), 189–91, 421–4

Gates, see Logic gates

Gaussian distribution, 192, 193

Gaussian dither, 234–5

Gear-change convertor, 248

Genlocking, 466–7, 468

Gibb’s phenomenon, 131, 133

Gigabyte, 6

Global Positioning System (GPS),

broadcasts, 362

Graceful degradation, 377–8

Granulation (intermodulation distortion), 223

Granules (encoding technique), 311

Gray code, 109

Group code recording (GCR), 366–8, 369, 670

Group delay, 328

Guard intervals, 493–4

Guard-band-less recording, 345

Half adder circuit, 93

Hamming code, 400–402

Hamming distance, 402–405, 416–17

Hamming window, 131, 133–4

Hanning window, 131

Hard disk recorders, 21–2

record head, 342–3

Harmonics, 53–5, 57–8

distortion, 53–4, 223

HDM-1 code, 376

HDM-2 code, 376

Head disk assembly (HDA), 573, 578

Header check function, 589–90

Headroom, 270, 272, 712

Hearing, 38–40

critical bands, 48

fixed filter model, 50

frequency discrimination, 38, 45, 47–8, 49

mental processes, 42–5

stereo effects, 42, 733–4

Heisenberg inequality, 313

Hexadecimal notation, 81

High-level Data Link Control (HDLC), 462

High-order loop filter, 266

Higher-order filters, 167–8

Huffman coding, 282–3, 314, 321, 322

Hysteresis process, 336–8

Identification code (ID), 120

Impedance effects, 329

matching, 64, 67–8

mismatching, 332

Inductive coupling, 727

Inductive record head, 339–40, 342

Infinite-impulse response (IIR) filters, 127, 129, 150–53

alternative configurations, 153–5

Information, definition, 279

Information capacity, audio system, 707

Information rate, 279, 280

Insertion loss, 68

Instantaneous data rate, 15

Integer-ratio sampling, 141

Integral linearity, 724

Intentional logic scheme, 91

Inter-aural delay (IAD), 44, 734–5

Inter-aural intensity difference (IID), 43

Inter-block prediction, 301

Inter-symbol interference, 344, 349

Interblock gap (IBG), 519

Interfaces:

AES/EBU, see AES/EBU interface

consumer, 446

electrical, 446–9

professional, 446, 449

quality considerations, 730–33

Interference effects, 76–8

Interleaving, 18–19, 402, 428–33, 439

block, 429

convolutional, 429–30, 431, 432

editing recordings, 439–42

Intermodulation, 59, 60

testing sound reproduction, 721

Intermodulation distortion (IMD), 715

International Electrotechnical Commission

(IEC), 302, 446

International Standard Recording Code

(ISRC), 687

International Standards Organization

(ISO), 302

Internet, use of compression, 277

Interpolation, 140, 141–2, 146

for error concealment, 394–5

Interrupts, computer, 101–103

Intrinsic coercive force, 336

IRT (Germany), MUSICAM, 302

ISDN, ASPEC system, 302

ISO/IEC/MPEG group, 302

ISO/MPEG, sub-bands, 294

Isothermal process, 33

Jitter, see Sampling clock jitter

jump editing, 616–18

JVC, PCM adaptor, 501

Kaiser window, 133

Kaiser-Bessel-derived (KBD) window, 318

Kerr effect, 348, 623, 633

rotation angle, 662–3

Key change (musical), 54–5

Kilobyte (unit), 6

Lag filter, 162

Lag network, first-order, 152

Laser disk drive, 619, 629–31

Laser pickups, optical disks, 642–5

LaserVision disk patent, 645

Latches, 93

Lead filter, 162

Lead network, first-order, 154, 155

Least significant bit (LSB), 5

use in quantizing process, 218

Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) lossless codes, 283

Level metering, 69–71, 270

Light-emitting diode (LED), 630

Limit cycle, 167–8

Line signalling, see Cable transmission

Line-up, 69, 270

Linear distortion, 711

Linear fader, absolute, 109

Linear phase filter, 121–2, 206–207

Linear superimposition, 59–60

Linearity, 220

importance, 60

testing sound reproduction, 715, 721

transfer function, 58

Listening range, level-dependent, 45–7

Listening tests, 284–5

Litz wire, 329

Logarithm principle, 65–6

Logic design, 90–92

truth table, 92, 95

Logic gates, 91, 92

Logical elements, 88

Loop filter, high-order, 266

Lossless coding, 277, 278, 282–3

subjective, 281

Lossy coding, 278

Loudness sensation, 45–7

control, 46

Loudspeakers:

behaviour, 707, 719, 736

quality testing, 708–10

reference-grade, 720–21

Low-complexity (LC) profile, AAC, 316

Low-disparity code, 374

Low-pass filter (LPF), 129, 200, 205

MADI (multi-channel audio interface)

standard, 368–9, 445, 462–3

4/5 code, 368–9

audio channel format, 464–5

data transmission, 463

frame structure, 463–4

Magnetic coupling, 726–7

Magnetic effects, 334–7

Magnetic recording process, 338–44

Magneto-optic (M-O) disks, 347–8, 622

playing, 633–5

Magneto-resistive (M-R) head, 342

Main data begin parameter, 316

Manchester code, see FM coding

Maréchal criterion, 652, 653, 657

Masking, auditory, 48, 49

Masking model, 284–5

ideal, 286

Masking threshold, 307

Mastering process, 600–601

for CD, 500, 501, 502, 612, 657–9, 676

Matching process, impedance, 64, 67–8

Megabyte (MB), 6

Memory addresses, 6, 13, 486

Merging process, channel symbols, 368

Message sensitivity, to error, 390–91

Metal oxide semiconductor (MOS), 93

Microphone, behaviour, 59

Miller code, 365, 366, 560

MiniDisc, 623–4

ATRAC codec, 302, 324–5

EFM channel code, 664–74

link sectors, 683

magneto-optical recording principle, 347

prerecorded, 619, 621, 625–6, 653

read/write process, 660–63

recordable, 619, 626, 663–4

recorder/player structure, 700

table of contents, 692

track structure, 683–4

Mitsubishi ProDigi format, 376

Mixers, digital, 108, 112–15

Modified discrete cosine transform

(MDCT), 293, 323

Modified frequency modulation (MFM),

see Miller code

Modulation transfer function (MTF), 650

Modulo-n arithmetic, 187–8

Monolithic convertor, 239, 241

Monotonicity, 725

Morse Code, 282

Most significant bit (MSB), 5, 85

inversion, 86

Moving-head disk drive, 556

MP3, see MPEG Layer III

MPEG audio coding system, 276, 302, 302–305

layers, 302–303

use of compression, 287

MPEG Layer I, 303, 305–310

accuracy, 307

coder, 306–307

decoder, 310

elementary stream format, 309

input blocks, 307–308

masking threshold, 307

NMR, 308

quantization rate, 308

MPEG Layer II, 303, 310–12

decoder, 312

elementary stream format, 311

MPEG Layer III, 303, 312–16

encoder, 314

MP3 application, 312–13

psychoacoustic model, 314

window functions, 313

MPEG-1, 303–304

MPEG-2, 303–304

AAC, 305, 316–22

in digital television broadcasting, 480, 482

jitter standards, 486

transport streams, 483–5

MPEG/Audio group, 302

standards, 302–305

Multipath reception, 29

Multiplexing, 119, 120–21

statistical, see Statistical multiplexing

transport stream, 488–90

Multiplier, 113

binary circuit, 107

Music number (MNR), 687

Musical instruments, effect, 53–5

MUSICAM (Masking pattern adapted

Universal Sub-band Integrated Coding

and Multiplexing), 302

NAGRA D machine, 532

Near Instantaneous Companded Audio

Multiplex system, see NICAM 728

system

Negative (low true) logic, 91

Network Information Table (NIT), 488

Networks, 471–4

asynchronous, 473, 474

digital audio, 31

isochronous, 473–4

synchronous, 473, 474

Nibbles, 452

NICAM 728 system, 190, 191, 474–9

error concealment, 394

modulation scheme, 380–81

sampling rate, 209

sensitivity to error, 390

sync pattern, 386

TV sound, 20

Noise:

control, 10–11, 16

definition, 197–8, 292, 710–11

Gaussian distribution, 392

immunity, 328

modulation, 223, 233

probability, 192

program-modulated, 146

quantizing, 202

thermal, 192, 711

white, 37, 258

Noise shaping technique, 226, 251, 259–63

using ADCs, 264–7

Noise to masking ratio (NMR), 285–6

Noisiness, see Unpredictability

Non-linear distortion, 711

Non-Return to Zero Invert (NRZI)

recording, 360–61

Non-Return to Zero (NRZ) recording, 360–61

Non-Tracking (NT) format, 532

Non-uniform coding, 289

Non-uniform quantizing, 84

Notebook computers, 30

Null packets, 489

Numerical aperture (NA), 652

Numerically-locked loop (NLL), 118, 148

Nyquist noise theorem, 201, 337

Nyquist rate conversion, 252, 256

Objective testing, 708–10, 710–20

Octaldecimal notation, 81

Octave, 55

Offset binary coding, 83–4

Offset error, 724

Ohm’s law, 63

One-bit conversion approach, 269–70

Open-reel tape, 30

editing process, 614–16

recorder, 24–5

Operating levels, digital audio, 270, 272

Operating system, computer, 98

Optical disks:

base material, 629

basics, 345–6

erasable, 619, 622, 623

focus systems, 635–8

frequency response, 347

laser pickups, 642–5

manufacture, 653–8

playing, 629–35

surface contamination, 626–9

tracking systems, 639–42

types, 619–23

see also CD (Compact Disc)

Optical fibres, 466

Optical recorders, 345

OR gate function, 91

Orthogonal frequency division, 493

Overflow effects, 168

control circuit, 96

Oversampling, 142–4, 207, 252–8

without noise shaping, 258–9

Overwriting, 345

P data word, 685–6, 691

Pack contents (PC), DAT, 526

Packet identification code (PID), 485

Packet multiplexer, 119, 120

Packetized elementary stream (PES), 482

Packets, 119–20, 482–3

continuity count, 120

Packing (null packets), 120

Parallel transmission, 7

Paramagnetic materials, 334–5

Parity, 395–7

in error detection, 396–7

Parity tree, 396

Pascal (unit), 69

PCM (Pulse Code Modulation), 3, 7, 198, 250

adaptors, 22–3, 499–501

binary channel efficiency, 255

decoders, 21

Nyquist rate, 249, 256

sensitivity to error, 390

PCM-1610/1630 unit, 500, 501

PCM-3324 machine, 542

PCM-F1 format, 501

Peak program meter (PPM), 70, 71

Peak voltage, 63, 64

Peak-shift distortion, 344, 349, 350

Perceptive coding, 278–9

Percussion sound, 36

Periodic signal, 36–7

Phantom power, 76

Phase:

CD information layer, 645–6

defining, 175–6

lag/lead, 154

reversal, 88

shift, 61–2

Phase angle, 61–2

Phase contrast microscopy, 620

Phase encoding (PE), 362, 363, 364

Phase margin, see Jitter margin

Phase shift keying (PSK), 361

Phase-linear filter, 35, 121–2, 206–207

Phase-locked loops, 11, 117–18, 214, 355–6

Philips:

CD players, 262

laser head, 642–3

MUSICAM, 302

optical medium invention, 620

PASC data reduction, 548–9

SAA, 7010 data separator, 695

Phon (unit), 45

Photoresist process, CD manufacture, 653, 656–8

Pitch sensation, 55

Place theory, 42, 55

Planck’s Law, 630

Polarization, light, 631–2

Polaroid material, 632

Pole/zero positions, 168–71

Positive (high true) logic, 90, 91

Power factor, 73

correction units, 73

Power ratio, 66

Power spectral density (PSD), 259

Power supply:

characteristics, 72

ripple effects, 214, 726

switched mode, 214

Pre-echo effect, 291

Pre-noise effect, 291

Preamble pattern, 356

Precision Adaptive Sub-band Coding

(PASC), 548–9

Predictability, 280

Predictive coding, 279

AAC, 318

Presence filters, 168

Presentation time stamp (PTS), 483

Primitive element, 421

Probability concept, 192–3

Probability distribution function (pdf),

231

Processing, digital, 88–9

Processor, see Central processing unit

(CPU)

ProDigi, see Mitsubishi ProDigi format

Product block code, 433

Product codes, 430, 433

Professional equipment, standards, 31, 67, 75, 446

Professional Running time (Pro R time), 526

conversion from timecode, 552

Program, computer, 97

Program Association Table (PAT), 487

Program clock reference (PCR), 485

Program counter (PC), 100

Program Map Table (PMT), 487

Program specific information (PSI), 487–8

Propagation delay, 89

Prototype filter, 297

Pseudo-random sequences (PRS), 126–7, 128, 191

generator, 191, 193

Pseudo-video system, 207–208, 500

Psychoacoustics, 39

Pulse code modulation (PCM), see PCM

Pulse sharpener, 350

Punch-in process, 614

Punctured codes, 413

Q factor (ear), 41

Q subcode word, 686, 691, 692

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

(QUAM), 382, 383

Quadrature mirror filter (QMF), 295, 296–7

polyphase, 297–8

Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), 380

Quality:

digital system, 722–8

performance limits, 286–7

performance measurement, 284–6

Quantizing process, 4, 134, 217–20, 243

error, 220–224

noise, 202

serial, 246–7

white-noise-dithered, 258

Quarter-wave plate, 632

Radio frequency (RF) energy, 76

RAID (Redundant array of inexpensive

disks) arrays, 587

Ramp integrator, 247

Random access memory (RAM), 9, 12, 13, 93

dynamic, 94

Random access systems, 602

Randomizing, 378–9

convolutional, 383–5

Rate conversion, see Sampling-rate conversion

RC network, simulation, 150–51

Reactive load, 72–4

Read only memory (ROM), 13

Read-modify-write technique, 603, 614

Reclocking process, 89

Reconstruction filter, 141, 200, 202, 204

Record head:

hard disk, 342–3

inductive, 339–42

magneto-resistive, 342

for tape work, 342

Recorders:

open-reel digital, 24–5

rotary-head digital, 25–7

stationary-head, 536–9

Rectification process, AC lines, 78

Recurrence relationship, 158

Redundancy, 17, 280

Redundant bit, 17, 396–7

Reed-Solomon (R-S) codes, 189, 418–20,

587

calculations, 420–26

generator polynomials calculation, 442–3

Reference gap, disk, 576

Reference locking process, external, 15

Reflection effect, optical disk, 628–9

Refraction effect, optical disk, 628

Remanent coercive force, 337

Remez exchange algorithm, 133

Replay, with inductive head, 339–40, 342

Requantizing, 229–30

Resampling, 216

Residual current breaker (RCB), 79

Residual expansion process, 248

Return to Zero (RZ) recording, 360

Revectoring, 586

Reverberation effect, 116–17

Root mean square voltage, 63, 64

Rotary head recorder, 25–7

Rotary positioners, Winchester technology, 577–9

Rotary-head digital audio tape (RDAT) system, 26

Routing, signal, 469–71

RS-422A data communication, 447

Run-length-limited (RLL) codes, 367–8

convolutional, 376–7

Sample-and-hold device, 209–211

Sampled ramp, 96

Sampling clock jitter, 11, 146, 147, 211–15, 348

conversion, 731–2

margin, 360

rejection, 354

Sampling process, 3–4, 12–13, 198–200

choice of rate, 207–209

critical, 293

high rates, 729–30

theory, 200, 295

Sampling rate clock, see Word clock

Sampling-rate conversion, 136–7, 469

alternative categories, 137–9

stages, 140–42

Saturation, 168, 270

Scale factor select information (SCFSI), 311

Scaleable sampling rate (SSR) profile, AAC, 316

Scaling process, 168

Scrub wheel encoder, 608

Sector skipping, 584

Sectors, in DVTR, 534, 535

Seek process, disk drive, 563–6

Self-clocking waveform, 328

Semiconductor laser, 630

Semitones, 55

Serial Copying Management System

(SCMS), 457

Serial transmission, see PCM

Servo-surface drives

disks, 567–71

Winchester technology, 574–6

Shift register, 20, 93, 407

Shock waves, sound, 35

Short-time Fourier transform (STFT), 183

Shuffling, for error concealment, 17–18

Shuttle process:

DAT, 521–4

DVTR, 534–5

Side spots, optical disks, 640

Sigma-delta modulation, 251, 269–70

Signal inversion, 88

Signal subtraction, 88

Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), 197, 222, 328

enhancement, 264–7

sound quality testing, 711–12

Silence signal, 467

Silo, 104, 105–106

operation, 591–3

Simple harmonic motion (SHM), 62

sound reproduction distortion test, 717

Sine coefficient, 181–2

Sine wave, 61–2

Single program transport stream (SPTS), 484

Single-error correcting double-error detecting (SECDED) characteristic, 402

Skew (timing differences), 328

Skin effect, conductor, 329

Skip sectoring, see Sector skipping

Slicing process, 350–53

adaptive, 353

SMPTE timecode format, 605, 606

SMPTE/EBU timecode, 364

Soft sectoring, 572

Software, computer, 98

Sony:

CDP-101 data separator, 695

CX, 7933 data separator, 695

CX-193 chip, 695

laser head, 644–5

MiniDisc, see MiniDisc

non-tracking format, 209, 532

PCM-1610/1630 CD mastering recorder, 415

PCM-3324, 539, 542

PCM-F1 format, 501

Philips Digital Interface (SPDIF), 445,

730

SDIF-2 interface reference clock, 468

U-matic VCR, 500

Sound:

basic physics, 32–3

masking, 38

speed, 33–5

see also Hearing

Sound pressure level (SPL), 45, 64, 69

Sound reproduction:

bandwidth criteria, 714

linearity testing, 715

objective testing, 710–20

quality, 704–707

sideband testing, 720

simple harmonic distortion test, 717

squarewave testing, 714–15

subjective testing, 720–22

subjective/objective testing comparison, 708–10

SPDIF (Sony Philips Digital Interface), 445, 730

Spectrum shaping, optical disks, 20

Spooling files, 597

Squarewave testing, 714–15

Stack, computer, 102–103

Stack pointer, 101, 103

Star-quad cabling technique, 75

Static memories, 94

Stationary-head recorders, 536–9

Statistical code analysis, 728

Statistical multiplexer (STATMUX), 120, 282, 489

Stereophonic systems, 735–6

Storage elements, digital, 88, 93, 104

Stuffing (null packets), 120

Sub-band coding, 291–2, 293–4, 306

Subcodes, CD, 685

Subjective testing, 708–10, 720–21

Subjectively lossless system, 281

Switched mode power supply, 214

Switching logic, network, 472

Synchronization, 15–16, 137, 385–8, 445–6

AES/EBU interface, 466–8

Syndrome pattern, 400

Synthesis filter, 310

Systematic codeword, 400

Table of contents (TOC), 687, 689

MiniDisc, 692

user, 692

Talkback, in auxiliary data, 452

Tape recorders:

digital, 497, 502

helical scan, 497–8

rotary head, 497–8

transverse scan, 497

TDM (time-division multiplexing), 119, 120, 473

BBC proposal, 470

Television broadcasting, 383, 480–82

Temporal masking, 291

Temporal noise shaping (TNS), AAC, 319

Ten-bit patterns, group codes, 373

Thermal noise, 192

Thermal switches, 78–9

Thermomagneto-optics, 622

Thomson, ASPEC system, 302

Three-phase electricity supply, 72

Timbral waveform, 44

Timbre, changing, 46, 58, 59

Time domain, 36–7

Time stamps, packet header, 482–3

Time window, variable, 291

Time-division multiplexing, see TDM

Time-domain aliasing cancellation (TDAC), 323

Time-intensity trading region, 734

Timebase compression, 14–15, 103–104

Timebase correction (TBC), 4, 16, 21, 103–104

Timecode:

DAT, 524–31

for editing, 605

synchronization, 605

Timecode marker (TCM), 528–30, 552–3

Timers, programmable, 103

Tone controls, 46

TOSLink, 466

Track-following systems, 376

Track-hold circuit, see Sample-and-hold

device

Transducers, 563

Transfer function, 58, 220

Transformer, lossless, 68

Transforms, 125–7

see also under individual types

Transient sound, 44

Transistor-transistor logic (TTL), 91

Transitions, 354, 384

Transmission:

basics, 327–9, 445

types, 329–33

Transport streams:

in DTV, 481–2

MPEG-2, 483–5

multiplexing, 488–90

Transposing filters, 168

Transversal filters, 350

Truncation effects, 129, 131, 167

Twisted-ring counter, 189, 191, 192, 407

2/3 code, 369–70

2/4M code, 376

Two’s complement system, 85–8

U-matic system, 612

Unbalanced transmission working, 76

Unison (single note), 52

Unpredictability, 280

User channel, 461–2

User table of contents (UTOC), 692

V bit, see Data valid bit (V bit)

Variable ratio conversion, 139, 146, 148

Variable-length coding, 282

Vectors, 71–2

diagram, 71–2

Verification process, software, 98

Video Cassette Recorder (VCR), 14, 500

U-matic system, 612

Virtual sound source, 736

Volt rms (root mean square), 63

Voltage gain, 68

Voltage levels, logic elements, 89–90

Voltage-controlled amplifier (VCA), 108

Voltage-controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO), 485–6

Voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), 117, 215

centring, 357

Volume unit (VU) meter, 70

Wave table, eight-point DCT, 299

Waveforms:

channel-coded, 358

and coding value, 87–8

numerical, 4–5

reconstructed, 202–204

self-clocking, 328

time-domain, 292

transform, 292–3

Waveguide, 330

Wavelength, 36

Wavelet transform, 186–7

Weighted-current convertor, 239

Weighting curves, level-dependent response, 47

Weighting filter, 69

White noise, 37

White-noise-dithered quantizer, 258

Wider-window, digital channel, 196–7

Winchester technology, 556, 572–4

rotary positioners, 577–9

servo-surface drives, 574–6

Windage, on rotary positioners, 578

Window functions, 131–3, 293

Window margin, see Jitter margin

Window switching, 313–14

Word clock, 10, 328, 354–5, 468

frequency, 145

references, 485–7

Wordlength, 5–6, 113

Words (binary numbers), 5

WORM (Write Once Read Many) disks, 346, 619, 621–2

Write address, 13

XLR connectors, 75, 77, 448

XOR gate, in error correction, 395

z-transform, 155–61

Zero-order-hold system, 215–16