Index

AAPOR. See The American Association of Public Opinion Researchers

Accessible clusters, 26

ACS. See American Community Survey

Address-based sampling, 10, 30, 82

Al Baghal, Terek, 93

Alreck, Pamela, 68, 69, 76

The American Association of Public Opinion Researchers (AAPOR), 17, 73

American Community Survey (ACS), 95–96

Anderson, Barbara, 57

Apples-to-apples contrasts, 76

Attitude–behavior question, 5

Audio recordings of telephone interview, 91

Automobiles, 10

Babbie, Earl, 39–40

Back-end time and cost, 76

Balanced allocation, 25

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 74

Between-stratum analysis, 25

Bias, 37

Bickart, Barbara, 50

Biemer, Paul, 37

Big Data, 31

Box-Steffensmei, Janet, 52

Brace, Ian, 72

Bradburn, Norman, 8

BRFSS. See Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System

Cannell, Charles, 54

CAPI. See Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing

CASI. See Computer-Assisted Self-Interviewing

CATI. See Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviewing

Cell phone, 90–91

Climate change, 51

Cluster sampling, 25–26

Cognitive interviews, 96

Communication process, 7–8

Community, 6–7

conflict and cooperation, 7

Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI), 82

Computer-Assisted Self-Interviewing (CASI), 82

Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI), 74, 75, 81

Computer-assisted telephone interviewing software, 91

Confidence intervals, 29–32

Confidence levels, 29–32

Conrad, Frederick, 85, 86

Consistency, 5

Convenience sample, 17

Conversational interviewing, 84

approach, 86

Converse, Jean, 57

Cossm, Ronald, 90

Cost per response, 76

Costs, 44

Coupe, Mick, 51

Coverage error, 39–42, 92–93

minimizing, 42–44

types of, 94

Cover letter, 88

Cross-sectional surveys, 10

Currivan, Douglas, 61

Data analysis, 2

Database building, 73

Data collection, 2, 30–31

sources and methods of, 6

ways of, 2

Data collection phase of survey, 76

Data quality, 95

Davis, Darren, 58

De Leeuw, Edith, 9, 46

Deutscher, Irwin, 2, 4

Dewey, Tom, 10

Dillman, Don, 9, 42–43, 82, 88

Direct marketing, 73

Dirk, Heerwegh, 62

Disproportional stratified random sampling, 24

Duff, Brian, 56

Dynamic probes, 93

Efficient surveys, 77

Egan, Patrick, 57

Election surveys, 57–58

Electronic data collection, 31

Energy Supplier Survey (ESS), 94

Enumeration, 16

EPSEM. See Equal probability of selection methods

Equality, 56

Equal probability of selection methods (EPSEM), 18

Error, survey, 37–38

coverage error, 39–44

definition of, 37

measurement error. See Measurement error

mode effects, 60–62

nonresponse error. See Nonresponse error

postsurvey, 62–63

random, 37

sampling error, 38–39

systematic, 37

types of, 38

ESS. See Energy Supplier Survey

Ethical research, principles of, 73

Ethnicity, 23, 25

Exit polls, 61

Face-to-face delivery, 81

Face-to-face interviewing, 83, 86

Face-to-face surveys, 56

Factorial allocation, 25

Fairness, 56

Finkel, Steven, 58

Fixed costs, 75

Focus groups, 96

Follow-ups, 49

Galesic, Marta, 55

General probes, 93

General Social Survey (GSS), 41, 50, 51

Global warming, 51

Gorden, Raymond, 7–8

Groves, Robert, 45, 96

GSS. See General Social Survey

Gwartney, Patricia, 84

Hartford, Tim, 31

Ha, Trung, 62

Heaping, 55

Holmes, Thomas, 47

Huber, Gregory, 50

Incentives, 88

Indirect costs, 75

In-house survey, 75

Interactive probes, 93

Interactive Voice Response (IVR), 82

Internet access, 92

Interviewer, 8, 57–59

characteristics of, 57, 59

gender of, 58–59

race of, 57–58

Interviewer-administered surveys, 87, 90

Interviewing, types of, 84

IVR. See Interactive Voice Response

Jackpot, 20

Job interviews, 8

Johnson, Timothy, 58

Kane, Emily, 58

Kreuter, Frauke, 56–57

Krosnick, Jon, 54–56

LaPiere, Richard, 4

Lax, Jeffrey, 57

Leverage, 45

Leverage-salience theory, 45

Liebow, Elliot, 3, 5–6

List experiments, 60

Loosveldt, Geert, 62

Lynn, Peter, 93

Macaulay, Laura, 58

Mailed delivery, 81

Mailed surveys, characteristics, 88–89

Margin of error, 29

Marilyn Worthy and Danielle Mayclin, 94

Market research survey, 3–4

Mayclin, Danielle, 94

McDonald, Michael, 61

McNabb, David, 41

Measurement, 2

Measurement error, 49, 94

interviewer, 57–59

question order, 53–54

question wording, 49–53

recognizing and minimizing, 59–60

respondents’ characteristics, 54–57

Mental health centers, 17–18

Mixed-mode surveys, 9, 82, 94

Mobile technology, 72

Mode effect, 38

Monette, Duane, 1

Moore, David, 53–54

Motivational statements, 93

Multistage sampling, 26

National Collegiate Athletic Associate (NCAA), 25

National Election Study’s (NES) question, 52

National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago, 41

NCAA. See National Collegiate Athletic Associate

Nilson, Aria, 90

Nonprobability sample, 17

Nonrespondents, 89

Nonresponse bias, 46–47

Nonresponse error, 44

increasing response, 48–49

nonresponse and nonresponse bias, 46–47

theories of survey participation, 44–45

Nonscheduled interviewing, 84

Nonstandardized interview/interviewing, 84–86

Number of responding participants, 76

Observation, and questioning, 2–6

Occupational subcultures, 8

Online survey research, 71–72

Overhead, 75

Paper surveys, 74

Paris, Celia, 50

Parson, Jennifer, 58

Participants, 71

Pew Research Center, 27

Peytchev, Andy, 46–47

Phone, 10

surveys, 9, 91, 92

Plewe, Thomas, 9

Political knowledge, 58

Pollner, Melvin, 58

Population, 39–40

Postsurvey, 62–63

error, 38

Preisendorfer, Peter, 61

Presser, Stanley, 49, 83, 84

Probability-based panels, 72

Probability sampling, 15–19, 30, 39

basic structure of, 17

cluster sampling, 25–26

confidence intervals and confidence levels, 29–32

methods, reliability and validity of, 30

selection of sample size, 27–28

simple random samples, 19–21

stratified sampling, 23–25

systematic sampling, 21–23

Professional associations, 73

Proportional stratified random sampling, 24

Quantitative analyses, 63

Questions/questioning, 1, 8, 51

in everyday life, 1

observation and, 2–6

order, 53–54

as social process, 7–8

wording, 49–53

Race, 23, 25

Random-digit dialing approach, 41

Random error, 37

Random-frequency pulse source, 21

Randomized, 96

Random number tables, 21–22

Random probe, 97

Random process, 21

Random sampling, 21

Rate of response, 76–77

RECS. See Residential Energy Consumption Study

Refusals, 44

Religion, and sexual behavior, 8

Research. see also Survey

design, 2

group, 40

question, 68

strategy, 6

Researchers, 2–3, 56, 70, 71

Residential Energy Consumption Study (RECS), 94

Respondents, 8, 71, 84, 85–86

characteristics, 54–57

Response rate, 27, 46

Rewards, 44–45

Riley, Matilda White, 2

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 10

Rule of reciprocity, 48

Rule of scarcity, 48

Rule of social validation, 48

Salience, 45

Sample size, 29

determination, 27

selection of, 27–28

Sampling, 2

approach, problems of, 18

error, 16, 38–39

random numbers in, 20

Satisficing, 54–56

Schaeffer, Nora, 83, 84

Schmitz, James, 47

Schober, Michael, 85, 86

Schuldt, Jonathon, 51

Schuman, Howard, 4, 57, 96, 97

Scientific approach, characteristics of, 1

Sensitive questions, 89

Settle, Robert, 68, 69, 76

Sexual behavior, religion and, 8

Significance level, 29

Silver, Brian, 58

Simple random samples, 19–21

Singer, Eleanor, 5, 45, 51

Smith, Tom, 50

Snijkers, Ger, 74

Social desirability, 56–57, 59

Social exchange, 69

Social exchange theory, 44–45, 88

logical consequence of, 48

Socially desirable response, 93

Social media, 69

Social process, 7–8

Social setting, aspects of, 2

Soulakova, Julia, 62

Split-ballot experiments, 96

Sponsors, 69, 71

group, 73

Stakeholders, 69–73

Standardized interview, 83, 84, 86

Strata, 24

Stratified sampling, 23–25

types of, 24

Streb, Matthew, 56

Study population, 39–40

Sudman, Seymour, 20

Survey, 4, 67–68

brief history of, 9–10

complexity, 76

complexity and number of responding participants, 75–77

dealing with diagnostic procedures, 22

delivery, modes of, 82–83

dimensions, 82–83

face-to-face survey delivery, 83–87

mailed survey delivery, 87–89

meaning of survey questions and answers, 96–97

mixed-mode surveys, 93–96

telephone survey delivery, 90–92

web survey delivery, 92–93

design and execution, 70

ethical considerations, 72–73

expensive process of conducting, 68

history of, 9–10

observation about, 67–68

participants and administration of, 17

phases of, 76

procedural aspects of doing, 68

rate of response on, 76–77

scope of, 74–75

sequential stages, 74–75

specific questions for, 70

stakeholders, 69–72

technological change, 9

types of, 2

Survey error, 88

Survey panels, growth of, 72

Survey participation, 47

Survey refusal, 9

Survey reporting, technology on, 2

Survey research, 83

technology on, 2

types of, 72

Systematic error, 37

Systematic observation, 1

Systematic sample, 21–23

selection process, 22

Tailored design method, 88

Telephone delivery, 81

Telephone survey, 58, 91

characteristics of, 90–92

Thornburg, Matthew, 61

Total design method, 88

Total survey error, 37

Tourangeau, Roger, 9, 46–47, 57

Triangulation, 6–7

Truman, Harry, 10

Two-stage sampling process, 26

Up-front time and cost, 76

Visual materials, 87

Voting, 52

Webb, Eugene, 6

Web delivery, 81

Web survey, characteristics of, 92–93

Weisberg, Herbert, 37

Whitmarsh, Lorraine, 51

Wolter, Felix, 61

Worthy, Marilyn, 94

Yang, Tinn, 57