Call-stack information. Use caller() to find out who’s calling this subroutine:

($package, $file, $line) = caller();

List of a package’s global variables. For a package Foo, %Foo:: contains the symbol table, whose keys are names of global identifiers in that package and whose values are typeglobs.

Find out what a reference contains. ref($r) returns undef if $r is an ordinary scalar, “SCALAR” if it is a reference to a scalar (similarly “ARRAY,” “HASH,” “CODE,” and “REF”) or the name of a package, if $r is a blessed object reference.

Object information:

$obj->isa("Foo"); # returns true if $obj inherits from Foo
$obj->can("bar"); # returns true if it supports method "bar"