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by Pierre Lévy
The Semantic Sphere 1: Computation, Cognition and Information Economy
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Copyright
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: General Introduction
1.1. The vision: to enhance cognitive processes
1.1.1. The semantic imperative
1.1.2. The ethical imperative
1.1.3. The technical imperative
1.2. A transdisciplinary intellectual adventure
1.2.1. The years of training, 1975—1992
1.2.2. The years of conception, 1992—2002
1.2.2.1. The generalized trivium
1.2.2.2. Archetypes
1.2.2.2.1. Comments on the archetypes
1.2.2.3. Triplication
1.2.2.4. The dialectic of address and message
1.2.2.5. Toward a dialectic of virtual and actual
1.2.2.6. Further research
1.2.3. The years of gestation, 2002—2010
1.2.3.1. A model of collective intelligence
1.2.3.2. A regular language
1.3. The result: toward hypercortical cognition
1.3.1. A system of coordinates
1.3.1.1. Paradigmatic links
1.3.1.1.1. Etymological links
1.3.1.1.2. Taxonomic links
1.3.1.1.3. Symmetrical links
1.3.1.1.4. Serial links
1.3.1.2. Syntagmatic links
1.3.1.3. A computational topology
1.3.2. An information economy
1.3.3. A Hypercortex to contribute to cognitive augmentation
1.3.3.1. A scientific model of human cognition
1.3.3.2. Knowledge management that respects cultural diversity
1.3.3.3. A writing that makes the intellectual mastery of information flows possible
1.3.3.4. Humanistic openness or post-human singularity?
1.4. General plan of this book
Part 1. The Philosophy of Iinformation
Chapter 2: The Nature of Information
2.1. Orientation
2.2. The information paradigm
2.2.1. Information and symbolic systems
2.2.2. The sources of the information paradigm
2.2.3. Information between form and difference
2.2.4. Information and time
2.3. Layers of encoding
2.3.1. A layered structure
2.3.2. The physicochemical and organic layers
2.3.3. The phenomenal layer
2.3.4. The symbolic layer
2.3.5. A synthetic view of the layers of information
2.4. Evolution in information nature
2.5. The unity of nature
2.5.1. Natural information and cultural information
2.5.2. Nature as a “great symbol”
Chapter 3: Symbolic Cognition
3.1. Delimitation of the field of symbolic cognition
3.1.1. Singularity
3.1.2. Social and technical dimensions
3.1.3. Symbolic manipulation goes far beyond linguistic competence and “reason”
3.2. The secondary reflexivity of symbolic cognition
3.2.1. The primary reflexivity of phenomenal consciousness
3.2.2. The secondary reflexivity of discursive consciousness
3.3. Symbolic power and its manifestations
3.4. The reciprocal enveloping of the phenomenal world and semantic world
3.5. The open intelligence of culture
3.6. Differences between animal and human collective intelligence
Chapter 4: Creative Conversation
4.1. Beyond “collective stupidity”
4.2. Reflexive explication and sharing of knowledge
4.2.1. Personal and social knowledge management
4.2.1.1. Introduction to knowledge management
4.2.1.2. The cycle of personal knowledge management
4.2.1.2.1. Attention management
4.2.1.2.2. Choice of sources
4.2.1.2.3. Collection, filtering, categorization and recording of information flows
4.2.1.2.4. Synthesis, sharing and conversation
4.2.1.2.5. The feedback loop of personal knowledge management
4.2.1.2.6. Techniques pass but cognitive function remains
4.2.2. The role of explication in social knowledge management
4.2.3. Dialectic of memory and creative conversation
4.3. The symbolic medium of creative conversation
4.3.1. The question of the symbolic medium
4.3.2. The metalinguistic articulation of organized memory
4.3.3. How can creative conversation organize digital memory?
Chapter 5: Toward an Epistemological Transformation of the Human Sciences
5.1. The stakes of human development
5.1.1. The scope of human development
5.1.2. In search of models of human development
5.1.3. Social capital and human development
5.1.4. The knowledge society and human development: a six-pole model
5.2. Critique of the human sciences
5.2.1. Human sciences and natural sciences
5.2.2. Internal fragmentation
5.2.3. Methodological weaknesses
5.2.4. Lack of coordination
5.3. The threefold renewal of the human sciences
5.3.1. New possibilities for collaboration
5.3.1.1. Direct access to and collective use of data and tools
5.3.1.1. Direct access to and collective use of data and tools
5.3.1.3. A new type of informal creative conversation
5.3.2. New possibilities for observation, memory and calculation
5.3.2.1. Availability of data and calculating power
5.3.2.2. Absence of the tools for semantic synthesis needed to make full use of the new situation
5.3.3. Toward a system of semantic coordinates
5.3.3.1. Historical context
5.3.3.2. A metalanguage that serves the human sciences
5.4. The Ouroboros
Chapter 6: The Information Economy
6.1. The symbiosis of knowledge capital and cognitive labor
6.1.1. The genealogy of capital
6.1.2. The commons: the interdependence of human populations, ecosystems of ideas and biological ecosystems
6.2. Toward scientific self-management of collective intelligence
6.2.1. Political economy and collective intelligence
6.2.2. The autopoiesis of collective intelligence
6.3. Flows of symbolic energy
6.3.1. The problem of the general equivalent
6.3.2. The power of mana
6.3.3. The complete circuit of information
6.4. Ecosystems of ideas and the semantic information economy
6.4.1. An “eco” paradigm for thinking about semantic information
6.4.1.1. Etymology and general approach
6.4.1.2. Distinction between unity and uniformity
6.4.2. Ecosystems of ideas in epistemology
6.4.3. General characteristics of ecosystems of ideas
6.4.3.1. Ecosystems of ideas live in interdependence with human populations
6.4.3.2. The world of ideas is not separate from the sensory world
6.4.3.3. Ecosystems of ideas evolve
6.5. The semantic information economy in the digital medium
6.5.1. The prophets of media and the “global brain”
6.5.2. Semantic information economy and the commons in the digital medium
Part 2. Modeling Cognition
Chapter 7: Introduction to the Scientific Knowledge of the Mind
7.1. Research program
7.1.1. Profession of pragmatic faith
7.1.2. Initial questions
7.1.3. Instruments
7.1.4. Subject-object
7.1.5. Method and result.
7.2. The mind in nature
7.2.1. The uni-duality of communication nature
7.2.1.1. Virtual and actual spheres of communication
7.2.1.2. Actual space-time
7.2.1.2. Actual space-time
7.2.1.4. The interdependent co-emergence of the virtual and actual spheres
7.2.2. The uni-ternarity of communication nature.
7.3. The three symbolic functions of the cortex
7.3.1. The syntactic function
7.3.2. The semantic function
7.3.3. The pragmatic function
7.3.3.1. Interpretation, memory, action
7.3.3.2. Ideas
7.3.3.3. Pragmatics and general rhetoric
7.3.4. The sign (S)/being (B)/thing (T) dialectic of symbolic cognition
7.4. The IEML model of symbolic cognition
7.4.1. The semantic sphere: the mathematical basis of the IEML model of the mind
7.4.2. The Cortex, the Hypercortex and the semantic sphere
7.4.3. The Cortex, the Hypercortex and the mind
7.4.4. General structure of the IEML model
7.4.5. IEML as machine: formal properties
7.4.5.1. Toward a universal semantic calculus
7.4.5.1. Toward a universal semantic calculus
7.4.6. IEML as metalanguage: semantic properties
7.4.6.1. STAR: The linguistic operating system of the IEML semantic machine
7.4.6.2. IEML as a human language
7.4.6.3. IEML as a computer language
7.4.7. IEML as a universe of games: pragmatic properties
7.4.7.1. The hermeneutic functions and the production of ideas
7.4.7.1. The hermeneutic functions and the production of ideas
7.4.7.3. IEML games and knowledge management
7.5. The architecture of the Hypercortex
7.5.1. The Internet
7.5.2. The IEML semantic sphere
7.5.3. Interdependence of the semantic sphere and the Internet
7.5.4. New perspectives in computer science and the human sciences
7.6. Overview: toward a reflexive collective intelligence
Chapter 8: The Computer Science Perspective: Toward a Reflexive Intelligence
8.1. Augmented collective intelligence
8.1.1. A new field of research
8.1.2. A direction for cultural evolution in the long term
8.2. The purpose of automatic manipulation of symbols: cognitive modeling and self-knowledge
8.2.1. Substitution or augmentation?
8.2.2. Modeling of separate or connected intelligences?
8.2.3. Conscious machines or machines that mirror collective cognition?
8.2.3.1. Embodiment
8.2.3.2. Know thyself
8.2.3.3. Reflexive consciousness and computation of meaning
8.2.3.4. The Hypercortex: serving reflexive intelligence
8.3. The means of automatic manipulation of symbols: beyond probabilities and logic
8.3.1. Exploration of graphs
8.3.2. Limitations of statistics
8.3.3. Limitations of logic
8.3.4. Symbolic cognition cannot be modeled without full recognition of the interdependence in which it originates
Chapter 9: General Presentation of the IEML Semantic Sphere
9.1. Ideas
9.1.1. Internal structure
9.1.1.1. Percepts
9.1.1.2. Affects
9.1.1.3. Concepts
9.1.1.4. Internal unity
9.1.2. Production of ideas
9.1.3. Networks of ideas
9.2. Concepts
9.2.1. A concept reflects a category in a symbol
9.2.2. A concept interconnects concepts
9.2.3. The IEML model of the concept
9.2.4. Addressing of ideas by concepts
9.2.4.1. On the relationship of ideas and concepts
9.2.4.2. Why is it the concept that addresses the idea?
9.2.4.3. The nature of semantic addressing
9.3. Unity and calculability
9.3.1. Functional calculability
9.3.2. The unity of the mind
9.3.3. Requirements of calculability for a system of semantic coordinates
9.4. Symmetry
9.4.1. Unity and symmetry
9.4.2. Graph theory and the human sciences
9.4.3. Group theory and the human sciences
9.5. Internal coherence
9.5.1. The mathematical formalization of concepts is a methodological necessity
9.5.2. The identification code for concepts cannot be based directly on empirical data
9.5.2.1. Inadequacy of a neural basis
9.5.2.2. Inadequacy of a sociotechnical basis
9.5.2.3. Inadequacy of a basis in natural languages
9.5.2.4. Conclusion
9.5.3. Concepts can only be distinguished through their mutual relationships
9.6. Inexhaustible complexity
9.6.1. The inexhaustible complexity of the mind
9.6.2. The unlimited variety of concepts and their transformations
9.6.3. The unlimited size of concepts
Chapter 10: The IEML Metalanguage
10.1. The problem of encoding concepts
10.2. Text units
10.2.1. The layers of text units
10.2.2. Classes of text units
10.2.3. The roles of text units
10.3. Circuits of meaning
10.3.1. Langue and parole
10.3.2. Paradigmatic circuits
10.3.3. Syntagmatic circuits
10.4. Between text and circuits
10.4.1. What is meaning?
10.4.2. Correspondences between chains of signifiers and circuits of signifieds: the natural semantic machine
10.4.3. The independence of the textual and conceptual machines
10.4.4. The interdependence of textual and conceptual machines
Chapter 11: The IEML Semantic Machine
11.1. Overview of the functions involved in symbolic cognition
11.1.1. Arithmetic and logical functions
11.1.2. Hermeneutic functions
11.1.3. Natural semantic functions
11.1.3.1. The textual function
11.1.3.2. The linguistic function
11.1.3.3. The conceptual function
11.1.3.4. The interdependence of semantic functions
11.2. Requirements for the construction of the IEML semantic machine
11.2.1. Concepts must be encoded in IEML as semantic networks
11.2.2. The conceptual, textual and linguistic functions of the IEML semantic machine must be inseparable
11.2.3. Concepts encoded in IEML must be variables of a transformation group
11.2.4. Concepts encoded in IEML must be automatically translated into natural languages
11.3. The IEML textual machine (S)
11.3.1. Introduction to the textual machine
11.3.2. The mathematical properties of IEML
11.4. The STAR (Semantic Tool for Augmented Reasoning) linguistic engine (B)
11.4.1. Introduction to the linguistic function
11.4.2. Metalanguage
11.4.3. Rules for the construction of circuits
11.4.4. The dictionary
11.4.5. The STAR dialect
11.4.6. From USL to semantic circuit
11.5. The conceptual machine (T)
11.5.1. The transformation of semantic circuits
11.5.2. The openness and complexity of the circuits of the semantic sphere
11.6. Conclusion
11.6.1. The unit of semantic information
11.6.2. The two faces of the semantic sphere
11.6.3. Directions of development
Chapter 12: The Hypercortex
12.1. The role of media and symbolic systems in cognition
12.2. The digital medium
12.2.1. General definition
12.2.2. The automation of symbol manipulation
12.2.3. The digitization of memory
12.2.4. The compartmentalization of symbolic systems
12.2.5. The non-computability of symbolic systems
12.2.6. The opacity of the Web
12.2.7. An unfinished matrix
12.3. The evolution of the layers of addressing in the digital medium
12.3.1. The era of big computers (addressing of bits)
12.3.2. The age of personal computers and the Internet (addressing of automata)
12.3.3. The era of the Web (addressing of data)
12.3.4. The era of the semantic sphere (addressing of ideas)
12.4. Between the Cortex and the Hypercortex
12.4.1. Parallels between the Cortex and the Hypercortex
12.5. Toward an observatory of collective intelligence
12.5.1. Sensory-motor interfaces
12.5.2. The IEML semantic machine
12.5.3. The semantic sphere
12.5.4. The IEML metalanguage: the key to semantic interoperability
12.5.5. Ecosystems of ideas: introduction to hermeneutic memory
12.6. Conclusion: the computability and interoperability of semantic and hermeneutic functions
Chapter 13: Hermeneutic Memory
13.1. Toward a semantic organization of memory
13.1.1. Implications of collective processes of categorization in the digital medium
13.1.2. A renewed approach to the problem of categorization
13.2. The layers of complexity of memory
13.3. Radical hermeneutics
13.3.1. Introduction to the hermeneutic approach to cognition
13.3.2. The thesis of radical hermeneutics
13.3.2.1. It is impossible to separate cognition from memoryon
13.3.2.2. All organization of memory is interpretative in nature
13.3.3. Radical hermeneutics beyond the misunderstandings
13.4. The hermeneutics of information
13.4.1. Data
13.4.2. Perception
13.4.2.1. Categorization
13.4.2.1. Categorization
13.4.2.1. Categorization
13.4.2.4. The production of intensity
13.4.2.5. The result of perception: the phenomenal information unit
13.4.3. The semantic information unit
13.5. The hermeneutics of knowledge
13.5.1. Thought
13.5.2. The semantic information unit as a tool for cognitive modeling
13.5.2.1. The information unit as an idea
13.5.2.2. The information unit as an utterance
13.5.2.3. The information unit as a meme
13.5.3. The noumenal circuit as a tool for cognitive modeling
13.5.3.1. The noumenal circuit as a theory
13.5.3.2. The noumenal circuit as narrative
13.5.3.3. Cognitive simulation
13.5.4. Hierarchy of the functions of symbolic cognition
13.5.4.1. Semantic functions
13.5.4.2. Hermeneutic functions
13.6. Wisdom
13.7. Collective interpretation games
13.7.1. Reading/writing
13.7.2. Exploration
13.7.3. Feedback
13.7.4. Coordination of the games
Chapter 14. The Perspective of the Humanities: Toward Explicit Knowledge
14.1. Context
14.1.1. The increasingly transnational, transdisciplinary and democratic nature of the human sciences
14.1.2. Agendas and the stakes of power
14.2. Methodology: the digital humanities
14.2.1. The science of collective intelligence and the collective intelligence of the human sciences
14.2.2. What are the digital humanities today?
14.2.3. A new writing that serves the human sciences
14.2.4. The encoding and semantic use of data
14.3. Epistemology: explicating symbolic cognition
14.3.1. Reflexive knowledge and non-reflexive knowledge
14.3.2. The cognitive process
14.3.3. Essences: the power of symbolic cognition
14.3.4. Concepts: intellectual cognition
14.3.5. Ideas: affective cognition
14.3.6. Stories: narrative cognition
14.3.7. Autopoietic cognition
14.3.8. The dark side of power
Chapter 15. Observing Collective Intelligence
15.1. The semantic sphere as a mirror of concepts
15.1.1. Reflecting the world of ideas
15.1.2. The IEML semantic sphere
15.2. The structure of the cognitive image
15.2.1. The integration of data into calculable cognitive models
15.2.2. The ternary structure of the cognitive image S/B/T
15.2.2.1. The ternary structure of the semantic information unit
15.2.2.2. The topological image: semantic circuits S
15.2.2.3. The energy image: semantic currents
15.2.2.4. The referential image: multimedia data T
15.2.3. The dual structure of the cognitive image U/A
15.3. The two eyes of reflexive observation
Bibliography
Index
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