Index
Numbers
3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Program), 335
3GPP2 (3rd Generation Partnership Project 2), 335
releases and revisions to, 384–385
4G networks, 333–335. See also LTE (Long-Term Evolution) networks
utility pole attachments, 138–139
VR (virtual reality) and, 37
10G-EPON (Gigabit Ethernet PON), 224
21st Century Fox, 126
40/100Gbps Ethernet switch standards, 74
802.11 standards
802.1pq, 118
802.11ac, 372
capacity requirements, 372–373
A
AAC (Advanced Audio Coding), 31
A-CAM (Alternative Connect America Model), 141–142
Access Control Lists (ACLs), 184
access networks. See last-mile access networks
access points, 376
ACLs (Access Control Lists), 184
Acme Packet, 183
addresses
IP (Internet Protocol), 96. See also MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching)
dynamic, 249
in Layer 3 switches, 71
static, 249
MAC (Media Access Control), 72
Adelphia, 134
Admeld, 158
Adsense, 277
ADSL (Asymmetric DSL), 267
Adtran, 206
Advanced Audio Coding (AAC), 31
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPANET), 23
aggregation routers, 292
Akamai Technologies, 52, 193–195
Alcoa, 83
Alert Logic, 55
algorithms
AlienVault, 133
Alltel Corporation, 151
Alphabet, 156. See also Google
Alternative Connect America Model (A-CAM), 141–142
Altice USA, 135
Amazon, 5
advertising, 159
Amazon Web Services, 257
brick-and-mortar stores, 308
cloud computing, 44, 49–50, 53
data centers, 80
expansion and diversification, 159
expenses, 126
Fire TV, 283
machine learning in, 22
network neutrality issues, 313–314
services and offerings, 159
subscriber numbers, 216
subsidiaries and purchases, 159–160
video conferencing services, 109
American Tower, 349
analog signaling, 63
antennas
DAS (Distributed Antenna Systems), 354
MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output), 356–357, 359, 370–371
any-to-any networks, 237. See also MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching)
AOL, 135
APDs (avalanche photodiodes), 17
APIs (application programming interfaces), 47, 260
Apollo Global Management, 47
APON (ATM PON), 224
Apple
AAC (Advanced Audio Coding), 31
AppleTV, 283
devices and offerings, 165–166
appliances, 242
application programming interfaces (APIs), 47, 260
applications, cloud computing and, 58–60
aQuantive, 165
AR (augmented reality), 37
ARM Holdings, Plc.21
ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency), 23
asymmetric channels, transitioning to symmetric
coaxial cable capacity, 214
DOCSIS standards, 213–215, 225
QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation), 214–215
Asymmetric DSL (ADSL), 267
asynchronous protocols, 191
AT&T
co-location facilities, 223
expenses, 126
FTTH (fiber to the home), 208–209
ISP services, 276
large enterprise reliance on, 130
lobbying by, 148
mergers and acquisitions, 126, 129–130, 132–133, 151–152, 329
rate of return guarantees, 139
resellers, 155
rural availability of, 315
spectrum blocks, 327
subscription services, 216
zero rating, 313
Atlantic Broadband, 153
ATM PON (APON), 224
distributed Denial of Service (DoS), 52
DoS (Denial of Service), 52, 119
ransomware, 304
recognition of, 301
redress against hackers, 304–305
response to, 301
security software, 299
auctions, allocating spectrum with, 326–328
Audible.com, 160
augmented reality (AR), 37
authentication
streaming media, 290
automation, WA SDNs (Wide Area Software Defined Networks), 261
avalanche photodiodes (APDs), 17
B
backbone networks, 14, 104, 120
backhaul (middle-mile) networks, 152–153, 175, 197–199, 340–341
backups
cellular, 263
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) technology, 263
duplicate fiber cabling, 263–264
in-band, on-channel (IBOC), 64
band steering, 376
bandwidth capabilities, 187
LANs (local area networks), 76
legacy systems, 187
bare metal servers, 47
Barnes & Noble, 159
base stations, 339
batteries
backup, 204
beamforming, 372
Beats Electronics, 167
“beauty contests”326
Bennett, Geoff, 6
Berklee College of Music, 93–94
Berners-Lee, Tim, 274
Bezos, Jeff, 159
billing
carrier networks, 28
signaling and, 221
Bitcoin, 303
bits, 39
black day viruses, 244
blade servers, 120
Blink, 160
Blum, Rod, 199
Boingo, 379
Borders, 159
Boston 360, 35
Boston Conservatory of Music, 93–94
BPON (Broadband PON), 224
bps (bits per second), 39
Bps (bytes per second), 39
Brightcove, 290
Brin, Sergey, 155
broadband networks, 172–173, 228–229. See also LTE (Long-Term Evolution) networks; signaling; VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol)
access to, 127
actual versus advertised speeds, 231
availability of, 275–277, 315–316
bandwidth capabilities, 187
Carrier GigE (Gigabit Ethernet), 249–251
legacy systems, 187
co-location facilities, 222–223
comparison of services, 262, 266–267
definition of, 175
NFV (Network Function Virtualization), 177–184
SDN (Software Defined Networking), 176–177, 182–184
submarine network systems, 185–187
dedicated wavelengths, 251
inter-exchange mileage, 254
local channels, 254
MANs (Metropolitan Area Networks), 253–254
WANs (Wide Area Networks), 253–254
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) technology
backups, 263
bonding, 248
DSLAMs (DSL Access Multiplexers), 201–202
history of, 247
how it works, 247
replacing with fiber and wireless, 249
emergency call reporting, 264–265
entertainment content, transmission of
hub sites, 196
MANs (Metropolitan Area Networks), 196–197
expansion into new territories, 209
international availability, 230
IP VPNs (Internet Protocol Virtual Private Networks), 238–239
advantages and disadvantages, 239–240
last-mile access networks
access networks in cable operators’ networks, 209–216
capacity, adding, 200
DSLAMs (DSL Access Multiplexers), 201–202
fiber-optic cabling, transitioning to, 201, 202–204
legacy circuit-switching service, 200–201
PONs (Passive Optical Networks), 204–209, 224
power issues, 203
managed services
advantages of, 245
definition of, 245
MANs (Metropolitan Area Networks), 196–197
dedicated services in, 253–254
definition of, 174
mesh configuration backups, 192–193
middle-mile networks, 152–153, 175, 197–199, 340–341
MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching), 235
CoS (Class of Service), 238
multinational locations, 237
routes and security, 236
service components, 238
VPNs (Virtual Private Networks), 235
WA SDNs (Wide Area Software Defined Networks), 262
national emergencies, services in, 217
reliability and sustainability, 218–220
NFV (Network Function Virtualization), 172, 178
OTNs (Optical Transport Networks), 191–192, 193–195
private data networks, 176
SDN (Software Defined Networking), 172
security
containers, 47
IP VPNs (Internet Protocol Virtual Private Networks), 240–243
IPsec (Internet Protocol Security), 241–242
L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol), 241, 242
MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching), 236
SSL (Secure Sockets Layer), 242
TLS (Transport Layer Security), 241, 242
SIP (Session Initiation Protocol), 258–259
in Sub-Saharan Africa, 338
topologies
common configurations, 255–257
transport networks, 223
WA SDNs (Wide Area Software Defined Networks)
comparison of broadband services, 262
implementation challenges, 262
MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching), 262
orchestration and automation, 261
Broadband PON (BPON), 224
Broadcom, 21
Brown, Reggie, 162
Buda, Eric, 195
Bungee, 165
bytes, 85
C
C Spire Wireless, 151
Cable Modem Termination Systems (CMTSs), 210, 211–212
cable operators’ networks, access networks in
CMTSs (Cable Modem Termination Systems), 211–212
satellite TV, 216
symmetric channels, transitioning to
coaxial cable capacity, 214
DOCSIS standards, 213–215, 225
QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation), 214–215
cable TV
price of, 126
Telecommunications Act of 1996, 128–130
CableLabs, 212
Cablevision, 135
cabling, 76. See also DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) technology; PONs (Passive Optical Networks)
coaxial, 214
copper
in commercial organizations, 16–17
connecting fiber to, 17
disadvantages of, 18
fiber-optic compared to, 10–12
full duplex operation, 9
UTP (unshielded twisted pair), 19–20
fiber-optic, 5
coherent fiber optics, 8
in commercial organizations, 14–16
connecting copper cables to, 17
connecting copper to, 17
dark fiber, 12
DWDMs (dense wavelength division multiplexers), 7–8
FTTH (fiber to the home), 208–209
FTTP (fiber to the premises), 201, 213–214
half duplex operation, 9
Infinera, 13
information content provider use of, 6–7
lasers, 8
in last-mile access networks, 201, 202–204
replacing DSL with, 249
super channels, 8
submarine network systems, 186–187
caching, 293
CAF (Connect America Fund), 137
Cambridge Analytica, 162
CAPWAP (Control and Provisioning of Wireless Access Points), 387
Carbonite, 52
Cardano, 303
Carrier GigE (Gigabit Ethernet), 249–251
Carrier IQ, 133
carriers, 25, 276–277. See also competition; individual carrier companies
bandwidth capabilities, 187
legacy systems, 187
capital depreciation at, 182
churn rates, 150
co-location facilities, 222–223
largest companies by revenue, 25
network neutrality issues, 311–314
pricing and competition, 316
broadband availability in, 131–132, 315–316
CAF (Connect America Fund), 137
A-CAM (Alternative Connect America Model), 141–142
e-rate subsidies, 143
Internet connectivity costs in, 198–199
categories, unshielded twisted pair, 19–20
CATV (Community Antenna TV), 135
CBS, 285
CCA (Competitive Carrier Association), 329
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), 334, 383
CDNs (Content Delivery Networks), 293
cellular networks. See Wi-Fi and mobile networks
Cellular Service on Wheels (CoW), 354
Centennial, 151
Central Office Re-architected as a Data Center (CORD), 172, 181–184
CenturyLink
co-location facilities, 223
CORD (Central Office Re-architected as a Data Center), 182
FTTH (fiber to the home), 208–209
history of, 128
ISP services, 276
large enterprise reliance on, 130
lobbying by, 148
mergers and acquisitions, 132, 133–134
as resellers, 155
rural availability of, 315
subscription services, 215–216
channel bonding, 372
channels
local, 254
symmetric
coaxial cable capacity, 214
DOCSIS standards, 213–215, 225
QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation), 214–215
Chapman, Jim, 97
Charter, 135
charts, network monitoring with, 98
China, broadband services in, 230
chips, 21
circuit-switched voice, 189
circuit-switching service, 200–201
Cisco WebEx, 109
Class of Service (CoS), 118, 238
Clearwire, 151
client steering, 376
Clift, Steve, 310
automatic updates, 59
data centers, impact on, 81–82
DevOps, 56
direct dedicated interconnections to, 257–258
fiber-optic networks and, 6
IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service), 51, 53
international regulations, 60–61
network monitoring systems, 98–99
PaaS (Platform as a Service), 51, 52
private, 49
public, 49
regulations, 54
SaaS (Software as a Service), 51–52
spinning applications to cloud, 53–54
submarine network systems, 186
Wi-Fi management with, 376–377
Cloud Xpress, 8
CMTSs (Cable Modem Termination Systems), 210, 211–212
coaxial cable capacity, 214
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), 334, 384
codecs, 34
Cogeco, 153
coherent fiber optics, 8
collaboration software, 108–109
co-location facilities, 222–223
lobbying by, 148
mergers and acquisitions, 134
as resellers, 155
set-top boxes, 211
Wi-Fi hotspots, 379
ComiXology, 160
Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI), 352
Communications Platform as a Service (CPaaS), 111
Community Antenna TV (CATV), 135
competition, 130–131, 148–149. See also individual companies
access networks in cable operators’ networks, 215–216
consolidation via mergers
impact on consumers, 151
ISPs (Internet service providers), 316
MVNOs (Mobile Virtual Network Operators), 154–155
nontraditional competitors
Twitter, 165
overbuilders, 153
prisoner telephony providers, 155
quarterly residential subscriber losses, 131
broadband availability in, 131–132, 315–316
CAF (Connect America Fund), 137
A-CAM (Alternative Connect America Model), 141–142
e-rate subsidies, 143
Internet connectivity costs in, 198–199
streaming media, 286
wholesale providers, 152
Competitive Carrier Association (CCA), 329
compression, 29
codecs, 34
quality and, 102
standards, 64
conditional access, 211
conferencing, UC (Unified Communications)
collaboration software, 108–109
desktop video conferencing, 107–109
immersive HD video conferencing, 110
Connect America Fund (CAF), 137
Consent Decree, 168
Consolidated Telecommunications Services, 152
consolidation via mergers
impact on consumers, 151
CRM (customer relationship management) services, 114
dispersed, 112
e-mail response management software, 113–114
statistics, 113
virtual, 112
Content Delivery Networks (CDNs), 293
Contingent Network Services, 134
continuous data center operation, 83–84
Control and Provisioning of Wireless Access Points (CAPWAP), 387
COPPA (Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act), 146
copper cabling, 76. See also DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) technology
in commercial organizations, 16–17
connecting fiber to, 17
disadvantages of, 18
fiber-optic compared to, 10–12
full duplex operation, 9
UTP (unshielded twisted pair), 19–20
CORD (Central Office Re-architected as a Data Center), 172, 181–184
definition of, 175
NFV (Network Function Virtualization), 177
CORD (Central Office Re-architected as a Data Center), 181–184
Open Source MANO (Management and Organization), 179–181
VNFs (virtual network functions), 178–179
SDN (Software Defined Networking), 78–79, 172, 176–177, 182–184, 192
submarine network systems, 185
cloud and content providers, 186
power limitations, 186
technological advances in, 185–186
CoS (Class of Service), 118, 238
CoW (Cellular Service on Wheels), 354
Cox Communications, 135
CPaaS (Communications Platform as a Service), 111
CPRI (Common Public Radio Interface), 352
C-RAN (Centralized or Cloud based Radio Access Networks), 360
CRM (customer relationship management) services, 51, 114, 163
crosstalk, 18
customer relationship management (CRM) services, 51, 114, 163
cyber terrorism, 305
D
Dano, Mike, 330
DAS (Distributed Antenna Systems), 354
data centers
cloud computing, impact of, 81–82
definition of, 80
environmental controls in, 82–84
security, 81
Data Over Cable System Interface Specifications. See DOCSIS standards
data plane signals, 261
databases, LTE (Long-Term Evolution), 343–344
DCS (Digital Cellular System), 382
dedicated wavelengths, 251
inter-exchange mileage, 254
local channels, 254
MANs (Metropolitan Area Networks), 253–254
WANs (Wide Area Networks), 253–254
Deep Packet Inspection (DPI), 25, 26–29, 92
Denial of Service (DoS) attacks, 52, 119
dense wavelength division multiplexers (DWDMs), 7–8, 191
desktop video conferencing, 107–109
DevOps, 56
DID (Direct Inward Dialing), 106
digital assistant software, 117–118
Digital Cellular System (DCS), 382
Digital Signal Processors (DSPs), 92, 104–105
digital signaling, 63, 92, 104–105, 267
Digital Subscriber Line. See DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) technology
Direct Inward Dialing (DID), 106
Dish Network, 145, 216, 327–328
disk mirroring, 87
dispersed contact centers, 112
Distributed Antenna Systems (DAS), 354
distributed Denial of Service (DoS) attacks, 52
distribution hubs, 196
DNC (do-not-call) list, 145
DNO (Do Not Originate) Registry, 145–146
DNS (Domain Name System), 295
Docker, 47
DOCSIS standards, 213–215, 225
Domain Name System (DNS), 295
do-not-call (DNC) list, 145
DoS (Denial of Service) attacks, 52, 119
Dow Chemical Company, 83
DPI (Deep Packet Inspection), 25, 26–29, 92
drop wires, 153
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) technology
backups, 263
bonding, 248
DSLAMs (DSL Access Multiplexers), 201–202
history of, 247
how it works, 247
replacing with fiber and wireless, 249
DSLAMs (DSL Access Multiplexers), 201–202
DSPs (Digital Signal Processors), 92, 104–105
Dunbrack, Linda, 310
DWDMs (dense wavelength division multiplexers), 7–8, 191
dynamic IP (Internet Protocol) addresses, 249
E
EarthLink, 137
East-West traffic, 180
echo, 102
Echo (Amazon), 159
efficiency, spectral, 328
Eggerton, John, 199
ElasticBox, 134
electromagnetic interference (EMI), 10
Emagic, 167
community e-mail lists, 309–310
response management software, 113–114
UC (Unified Communications), 107
emergency call reporting, 264–265
EMI (electromagnetic interference), 10
employees
security breaches by, 299–300, 303–304
eNBs (Micro Evolved eNodeBs), 352
Enhanced Specialized Mobile Radio (ESMR), 383
eNodeB, 338
enterprise backbone, 104
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), 163
enterprise VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) services, 231–234
entertainment content, transmission of. See also streaming media
hub sites, 196
MANs (Metropolitan Area Networks), 196–197
e-rate subsidies, 143
ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning), 163
ESMR (Enhanced Specialized Mobile Radio), 383
Essence Group, 116
Ethereum, 303
10G-EPON (Gigabit Ethernet PON), 224
40/100Gbps Ethernet switch standards, 74
Carrier GigE (Gigabit Ethernet), 249–251
FCoE (Fibre Channel over Ethernet), 88
PoE (Power over Ethernet), 105
Synchronous, 188
ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute), 179–180, 212. See also DOCSIS standards
evolved packet core (LTE), 343–344
exabytes, 21
extenders, 372
Extensible Markup Language (XML), 41
extradition treaties, 297
extranets, 319
Exxon Mobile, 83
F
FaaS (firewalls as a service), 244
data centers, 80
data privacy issues, 162
expenses, 126
lobbying by, 148
network neutrality issues, 313
political influence of, 162
privacy issues, 127
subsidies and apps, 161
FastFilmz, 33
FastTCP (Transmission Control Protocol), 195
FCC (Federal Communications Commission)
approval of AT&T purchase of time Warner, 126
in-home battery backup requirements, 204
media consolidation issues, 144
NECA (National Exchange Carrier Association), 198
A-CAM (Alternative Connect America Model), 141–142
e-rate subsidies, 143
ICC (Intercarrier Compensation) fees, 139–141
media consolidation issues, 144
rate of return guarantees, 139
universal service, 139
utility pole attachments, 138–139
FCoE (Fibre Channel over Ethernet), 88
FDM (Frequency-Division Multiplexing), 355
Federal Communications Act, 168
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), 83
Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA), 60
Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 145
FERC (Federal Energy Regulatory Commission), 83
fiber to the home (FTTH), 208–209
fiber to the premises (FTTP), 201, 213–214
fiber-optic cabling, 5, 76. See also PONs (Passive Optical Networks)
coherent fiber optics, 8
in commercial organizations, 14–16
connecting copper cables to, 17
dark fiber, 12
DWDMs (dense wavelength division multiplexers), 7–8
FTTH (fiber to the home), 208–209
FTTP (fiber to the premises), 201, 213–214
half duplex operation, 9
Infinera, 13
information content provider use of, 6–7
lasers, 8
in last-mile access networks, 201, 202–204
replacing DSL with, 249
super channels, 8
Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE), 88
file compression. See compression
file streaming. See streaming media
firewalls, 303
definition of, 29
FaaS (firewalls as a service), 244
first-mile networks. See last-mile access networks
FISMA (Federal Information Security Management Act), 60
Fleetmatics, 135
FLIP (Free Lossless Image Format), 32–33
Fogerty, Trey, 264
frames, 77
Framingham, Massachusetts, community forums in, 309–310
Free Lossless Image Format (FLIP), 32–33
frequencies, 324
frequency-division air interfaces, 355–356
Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM), 355
FTC (Federal Trade Commission), 145
FTTH (fiber to the home), 208–209
FTTP (fiber to the premises), 201, 213–214
G
G.711 standard, 119
G.723.1 standard, 119
G.726 standard, 64
G.729 standard, 119
Gantis, Caroline de, 209
gateways, 344
Gbps (gigabits per second), 39
General Data Protection Regulation, 61
Genius Bar (Apple), 165
geosynchronous satellites, 380
GFWX (Good, Fast Wavelet Codec), 33
Gigabit Ethernet PON (10G-EPON), 224
Global Positioning System (GPS) chips, 361
Global Tel Link, 155
Good, Fast Wavelet Codec (GFWX), 33
Goodreads, 160
Google, 21
Chrome, 283
cloud computing, 53
data centers, 80
Docs, 52
Glasses, 37
lobbying by, 148
Maps, 277
Play Music, 31
power purchases, 83
search engines, 277–280, 306–307
software and service offerings, 155–159
video conferencing services, 109
GPS (Global Positioning System) chips, 361
GPUs (graphic processing units) chips, 22
Grande, 153
graphs, network monitoring with, 98
ground stations, 380
guard bands, 332
H
H.264 standard, 64
H.323 standard, 119
hacking. See security
hardware failure, impact of, 89
HCI (hyper-converged infrastructure), 89
HDR (High Dynamic Range), 30
head-mounted displays (HMDs), 35–36
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), 60
HeNBs (Home eNodeBs), 352
hertz, 324
HetNets (Heterogeneous Networks)
characteristics of, 351
DAS (Distributed Antenna Systems), 354
definition of, 350
equipment in, 352
High Dynamic Range (HDR), 30
High Speed Packet Access Plus (HSPA+), 334
HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act), 60
HMDs (head-mounted displays), 35–36
Home eNodeBs (HeNBs), 352
Home Subscriber Services (HSSs), 345
hospitals, Wi-Fi in, 373
hosted IP PBX (Private Branch Exchange), 110–111
Hotmail, 165
HSPA+ (High Speed Packet Access Plus), 334
HSSs (Home Subscriber Services), 345
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), 40–41, 275
HTTP (HyperText Transport Protocol), 275
HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure), 41
Huawei, 206
hub sites, 196
hub-and-spoke topology, 256
hyper-converged infrastructure (HCI), 89
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), 40–41, 275
Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS), 41
HyperText Transport Protocol. See HTTP (HyperText Transport Protocol)
I
IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service), 51, 53
IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority), 296–297
IBM, 53
IBOC (in-band, on-channel), 64
ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers), 295–296
ICC (Intercarrier Compensation) fees, 139–141
iCloud, 165
iControl Networks, 134
IDPSs (Intrusion Detection and Intrusion Prevention Systems), 301
IDSs (Intrusion Detection Systems), 301
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), 188. See also Ethernet
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), 258–259
IMDB (Internet Movie Database), 160
immersive HD video conferencing, 110
IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem), 347–348
IMSense, 167
IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telephone), 335
Indefeasible Rights of Use, 209
industry structure. See telecommunications industry
information services, 219
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), 51, 53
input-output operations per second (IOPS), 85
Instagram, 161
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 188. See also Ethernet
integration, cloud computing, 58–59
Intel, 21
intellectual property, 244
Interactive Video Technologies, 289
Intercarrier Compensation (ICC) fees, 139–141
interconnection points, 199
inter-exchange mileage, 254
interference, mitigation of, 331
interlaced displays, 30
International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 19
International Telecommunications Union. See ITU (International Telecommunications Union)
Internet, 272–274. See also broadband networks
extranets, 319
Internet2, 280
ISPs (Internet service providers), 276–277
network neutrality issues, 311–314
pricing and competition, 316
cyber terrorism, 305
firewalls, 303
insider breaches, 299–300, 303–304
IoT (Internet of Things), 364
ransomware, 304
recognition of attacks, 301
redress against hackers, 304–305
resistance to attacks, 298–299
response to attacks, 301
security software, 299
streaming media
accessing, 282
ad revenue on, 286
competition in, 286
growth in, 281
Pay-TV, 289
set-top boxes for, 283
worldwide availability, 287
structure of
aggregation routers, 292
CDNs (Content Delivery Networks), 293
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), 296–297
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), 295–296
Internet exchanges. See peering points
Internet Movie Database (IMDB), 160
Internet of Things. See IoT (Internet of Things)
Internet Protocol. See IP (Internet Protocol)
Internet service providers. See carriers
Internet small computer system interface (iSCSI), 88
Internet2, 280
interoffice connections, MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching), 235
CoS (Class of Service), 238
multinational locations, 237
routes and security, 236
service components, 238
VPNs (Virtual Private Networks), 235
Intrusion Detection and Intrusion Prevention Systems (IDPSs), 301
Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), 301
Invidi, 133
IOPS (input-output operations per second), 85
IoT (Internet of Things)
privacy issues, 364
security, 364
Iowa Wireless Services, 151
IP (Internet Protocol), 275. See also IP PBX (Private Branch Exchange); IP VPNs (Internet Protocol Virtual Private Networks); VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol)
addresses, 96. See also MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching)
dynamic, 249
in Layer 3 switches, 71
static, 249
IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem), 347–348
IPsec (Internet Protocol Security), 241–242
telephony
DID (Direct Inward Dialing), 106
power sources, 105
SIP (Session Initiation Protocol), 105–106
voice QoS (quality of service), 101–102, 119
IP PBX (Private Branch Exchange), 99
advantages of, 100
DID (Direct Inward Dialing), 106
IP VPNs (Internet Protocol Virtual Private Networks), 238–239
advantages and disadvantages, 239–240
IPsec (Internet Protocol Security), 241–242
Ipswitch, 97
IRUs (Indefeasible Rights of Use), 209
iSCSI (Internet small computer system interface), 88
ISO (International Organization for Standardization), 19
ISPs (Internet service providers). See carriers
ITU (International Telecommunications Union)
DOCSIS standards, 213–215, 225
G.726 standard, 64
H.264 standard, 64
ITU-R, 330
PON standards, 206
Radiocommunications Sector, 330
Synchronous Ethernet, 188
WRU (World Radiocommunication Conferences), 330
iTunes, 165
J
jitter, 102
Jobs, Steve, 165
JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group), 64
K
Karp, Hannah, 32
Keyhole Technologies, 158, 278
Kimberly-Clark Corporation, 83
Kindle, 159
L
L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol), 241, 242
Lala.com, 167
LAMP programs, 57
LANs (local area networks). See also protocols; storage systems; virtualization; WANs (Wide Area Networks)
backbone networks, 120
bandwidth needs, 76
data centers
cloud computing, impact of, 81–82
definition of, 80
environmental controls in, 82–84
security, 81
monitoring
changes, discovering, 96
charts and graphs, 98
NOSs (Network Operating Systems), 79
routers
network functions virtualization, 92
SDN (Software Defined Networking), 78–79
statistical multiplexing in, 38–39
Layer 4, 121
user errors, 75
VDI (Virtual Desktop Integration), 90–91
definition of, 75
prioritizing voice and video on, 103
lasers, 8
last-mile access networks
in cable operators’ networks
CMTSs (Cable Modem Termination Systems), 211–212
coaxial cable capacity, 214
DOCSIS standards, 213–215, 225
QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation), 214–215
satellite TV, 216
capacity, adding, 200
DSLAMs (DSL Access Multiplexers), 201–202
fiber-optic cabling, transitioning to, 201, 202–204
legacy circuit-switching service, 200–201
PONs (Passive Optical Networks)
direct fiber to enterprises and multi-tenant buildings, 208
FTTH (fiber to the home), 208–209
ONTs (Optical Network Terminals), 207
OTLs (Optical Line Terminals), 206–207
splitters, 205
power issues, 203
LATA (Local Access And Transport) areas, 168
latency, 102
40/100Gbps Ethernet switch standards, 74
criticality of, 73
MAC (Media Access Control) addresses in, 72
Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP), 241, 242
Layer 3 switches, 121
criticality of, 73
IP addresses in, 71
redundancy, 74
Layer 4 switches, 121
layers, OSI (Open Systems Interconnection), 41–42, 65
LC (Little Connector), 14
LEDs (Light-Emitting Diodes), 17
legislation. See regulatory issues
LEO (low earth orbiting) satellites, 381
Level 3 Communications, 134, 152, 195
Library of Things, 316
Lifeline subsidies, 127, 142–143
Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs), 17
light-source transducers, 17
Limelight, 195
Linc VoIP, 233
Little Connector (LC), 14
load balancing, 120
Local Access And Transport (LATA) areas.168
local area networks. See LANs (local area networks)
local channels, 254
Loews, 36
Long-Term Evolution. See LTE (Long-Term Evolution) networks
loss, packet, 102
low earth orbiting (LEO) satellites, 381
LTE (Long-Term Evolution) networks, 335–339
capacity, 338
cell site functionality, 338
evolved packet core databases, 343–344
frequency-division air interfaces, 355–356
HetNets (Heterogeneous Networks)
characteristics of, 351
DAS (Distributed Antenna Systems), 354
definition of, 350
equipment in, 352
history of, 335
IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem), 347–348
MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) antennas, 356–357, 359, 370–371
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing), 357–358
time-division air interfaces, 355–356
VoLTE (Voice over LTE), 345–347
M
M2M (machine-to-machine) mobile services, 367
MAC (Media Access Control) addresses, 72
magicJack, 233
managed services, 235. See also MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching)
advantages of, 245
definition of, 245
MANO (Management and Organization), 179–181
MANs (Metropolitan Area Networks), 196–197
dedicated services in, 253–254
definition of, 174
manufacturers, IP telephony, 100–101
Maps (Google), 277
Massive MIMO antennas, 359
Mbps (millions of bits per second), 39
MCI Case, 168
media. See also entertainment content, transmission of
consolidation issues, 144
entertainment content, transmission of. See also streaming media
hub sites, 196
MANs (Metropolitan Area Networks), 196–197
accessing, 282
ad revenue on, 286
competition in, 286
growth in, 281
industry impact, 127
Pay-TV, 289
set-top boxes for, 283
worldwide availability, 287
megahertz, 324
memory
caching, 293
mergers
impact on consumers, 151
mesh design, 192–193, 256, 374–376
messages, UC (Unified Communications), 107
Messenger, 161
metered pricing, 28
Metropolitan Area Networks. See MANs (Metropolitan Area Networks)
Micro Evolved eNodeBs (eNBs), 352
microchips, 21
Micron, 21
Microsoft. See also Skype
expenses, 126
middle-mile networks, 152–153, 175, 197–199, 340–341
middleware, 53
mileage, inter-exchange, 254
MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) antennas, 356–357, 359, 370–371
mini Remote Access Multiplexers (mini-RAMs), 202
minors, COPPA (Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act), 146
MME (Mobility Management Entity), 344
mobile networks. See Wi-Fi and mobile networks
mobile operators. See individual companies
Mobile Virtual Network Operators (MVNOs), 154–155
Mobility Management Entity (MME), 344
Molla, Rani, 316
Monero, 303
monitoring
LANs (local area networks)
changes, discovering, 96
charts and graphs, 98
MotionBox, 289
Motorola Mobility, 278
moving applications between providers, 59–60
MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group) standards, 31, 64
MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching), 235
CoS (Class of Service), 238
MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching), 262
multinational locations, 237
routes and security, 236
service components, 238
VPNs (Virtual Private Networks), 235
MSOs (Multiple Service Operators), 152, 209. See also individual companies
MT-RJ connectors, 14
multi-core processors, 21
multinational locations (MPLS), 237
Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antennas, 356–357, 359
DSLAMs (DSL Access Multiplexers), 201–202
DWDMs (dense wavelength division multiplexers), 7–8, 191
FDM (Frequency-Division Multiplexing), 355
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing), 338, 357–358, 369
statistical multiplexing, 38–39
TDM (Time Division Multiplexing), 189, 224
TDM (Time-Division Multiplexing), 38, 233, 356
multipoint topology, 256
Multi-Protocol Label Switching. See MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching)
Multi-User MIMO (MU MIMO), 371
MU-MIMO (Multi-User MIMO), 371
Murphy, Bobby, 162
music
compression
codecs, 34
standards, 64
MVNOs (Mobile Virtual Network Operators), 154–155
N
nanometers, 7
NAPs (Network Access Points). See peering points
NAS (network attached storage), 88
national emergencies, services in, 217
reliability and sustainability, 218–220
National Exchange Carrier Association (NECA), 198
National Telecommunications and Information Association (NTIA), 330
natural language speech recognition, 116
NECA (National Exchange Carrier Association), 198
NEF, 152
Nest, 158
industry impact, 127
network neutrality issues, 313–314
plug-ins, 34
subscriber numbers, 216
NetSuite, 51
Network Access Points (NAPs). See peering points
network attached storage (NAS), 88
Network Function Virtualization. See NFV (Network Function Virtualization)
network interface cards (NICs), 19
network operating centers (NOCs), 201, 221
Network Operating Systems (NOSs), 79
Network Reliability Steering Committee (NRSC), 217
neutral co-location facilities, 223
New Dimensions in Testimony project, 33
NeXT, 167
Next Generation Passive Optical Network 2 (NG PON2), 206
NextDC, 134
Nextel Mexico, 133
NFV (Network Function Virtualization), 92, 172, 177
CORD (Central Office Re-architected as a Data Center), 181–184
Open Source MANO (Management and Organization), 179–181
OTNs (Optical Transport Networks), 192
VNFs (virtual network functions), 178–179
White Boxes, 178
NG PON2 (Next Generation Passive Optical Network 2), 206
Niantic Labs, Pokémon Go, 37
NICs (network interface cards), 19
Niddel, 135
Nintendo, Pokémon Go, 37
NOCs (network operating centers), 201, 221
non-interlaced displays, 30
nontraditional competitors
landmark acts and court rulings, 167–168
Twitter, 165
North-South traffic, 180
NOSs (Network Operating Systems), 79
NRSC (Network Reliability Steering Committee), 217
NTIA (National Telecommunications and Information Association), 330
Nvidia, 21
NXP, 21
O
O’Brien, Chris, 289
Oculus VR, 161
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing), 338, 357–358, 369
One Touch Make Ready (OTMR), 139
OneTwoSee, 134
ONTs (Optical Network Terminals), 207
Ooyola, 290
Open APIs, 260
Open Source MANO (Management and Organization), 179–181
open source operating systems, 46
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) architecture, 41–42, 65
Optical Line Terminals (OTLs), 206–207
Optical Network Terminals (ONTs), 207
Optical Transport Networks. See OTNs (Optical Transport Networks)
Optimum, 135
Orchestrate, 134
orchestration (WA SDN), 261
Orr, Steve, 310
Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM), 338, 357–358, 369
Ory, Andy, 183
OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) architecture, 41–42, 65
OTLs (Optical Line Terminals), 206–207
OTMR (One Touch Make Ready), 139
OTNs (Optical Transport Networks), 191–192, 193–195
OTT (Over-the-Top) streaming. See streaming media
Otter Media, 133
out-of-band signaling, 258–259
overbuilders, 153
Over-the-Top (OTT) streaming. See streaming media
P
PaaS (Platform as a Service), 51, 52
Packet Data Network Gateways (PGW), 344
packets
concept of, 23
definition of, 77
DPI (Deep Packet Inspection), 25, 26–29
latency, 102
loss, 102
per packet flexible routing, 24–25
stateful inspection, 29
throughput, 25
Page, Larry, 155
Pan Yue, 230
Passive Optical Networks. See PONs (Passive Optical Networks)
Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS), 60
Pay-TV, 289
PBX (Private Branch Exchange). See IP PBX (Private Branch Exchange)
PCI DSS (Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard), 60
PCRF (Policy and Charging Rule Function), 345
PCS (Personal Communication Service), 382
PERSEUS, 33
Personal Communication Service (PCS), 382
photonic chips, 13
PINs (positive intrinsic negatives), 17
Placebase, 167
plain old telephone service (POTS), 203
Platform as a Service (PaaS), 51, 52
plug-ins, 34
PoE (Power over Ethernet), 105
Points of Presence (POPs), 198, 237
point-to-point topology, 256
Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP), 241
Pokémon Go, 37
policies, control plane, 177
Policy and Charging Rule Function (PCRF), 345
PONs (Passive Optical Networks)
direct fiber to enterprises and multi-tenant buildings, 208
FTTH (fiber to the home), 208–209
ONTs (Optical Network Terminals), 207
OTLs (Optical Line Terminals), 206–207
splitters, 205
POPs (Points of Presence), 198, 237
port speeds, 238
portability of cloud computing applications, 59–60
positive intrinsic negatives (PINs), 17
Post, Glen, 182
POTS (plain old telephone service), 203
Power over Ethernet (PoE), 105
power sources, 105
PowerCloud System, 134
PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol), 241
prepaid mobile services, 368
presence, 237
presence theft, 119
PrimeSense, 167
prisoner telephony providers, 155
privacy. See also security
COPPA (Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act), 146
digital assistant software, 118
Facebook, 127
IoT (Internet of Things), 364
Privacy Shield, 61
private cloud, 49
private data networks, 176
Privacy Shield, 61
Project Fi, 158
protocolssee individual protocols
PSAP (Public Safety Answering Point), 218, 264
PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network), 140, 220
public cloud, 49
Public Safety Answering Point (PSAP), 218, 264
Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), 140, 220
Q
QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation), 214–215, 372
QoS (quality of service), 119
definition of, 92
IP PBX (Private Branch Exchange), 101–102, 119
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), 214–215, 372
Qualcomm, 21
quality of service. See QoS (quality of service)
Quan, Mike, 35
Quattro Wireless, 167
R
Rand Corporation, 23
ransomware, 304
rate shaping, 200
RBOCs (Regional Bell Operating Companies), 128, 168
RCN Telecom LLC, 153
Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP), 120
recognition of attacks, 301
Reconfigurable Optical Add/Drop Multiplexers (ROADMs), 193–195
Red Hat, 46
redress against hackers, 304–305
redundancy
controllers, 79
Layer 3 switches, 74
Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOCs), 128, 168
A-CAM (Alternative Connect America Model), 141–142
cloud computing, 54
COPPA (Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act), 146
e-rate subsidies, 143
ICC (Intercarrier Compensation) fees, 139–141
landmark acts and court rulings, 167–168
media consolidation issues, 144
rate of return guarantees, 139
Telecommunications Act, 128–130
Telecommunications Act of 1996, 128–130
universal service, 139
utility pole attachments, 138–139
Rekognition, 159
Relay Nodes (RNs), 352
reliability
national emergencies, services in, 218–220
Remote Radio Heads (RRHs), 352
repeaters, 354
reports, streaming media, 289–290
Requests for Comments (RFCs), 221
residential VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) services, 231–232
resistance to hacking, 298–299
retransmission agreements, 216
revenue
from search engines, 279
from streaming media, 286
RFCs (Requests for Comments), 221
Ring, 160
RingCentral, 233
ringless robocalls, 146
Ripple, 303
RJ45 data jacks, 103
RJ48 jacks, 235
RNs (Relay Nodes), 352
ROADMs (Reconfigurable Optical Add/Drop Multiplexers), 193–195
Robo Strike Force, 145
Rocket, 46
Roku, 283
Rosenworcel, Jessica, 315
routers
aggregation, 292
definition of, 121
network functions virtualization, 92
RRHs (Remote Radio Heads), 352
RTP (Real-time Transport Protocol), 120
broadband availability in, 131–132, 315–316
CAF (Connect America Fund), 137
A-CAM (Alternative Connect America Model), 141–142
e-rate subsidies, 143
Internet connectivity costs in, 198–199
Rural Cellular, 151
S
SaaS (Software as a Service), 51–52
SANs (storage area networks), 88
satellite TV, 216
SCCP (Skinny Client Control Protocol), 120
Schneiderman, Eric T.231
SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy), 191
SDN (Software Defined Networking), 78–79, 172, 176–177
OTNs (Optical Transport Networks), 192
SEAL, 134
search engines, 277–280, 306–307
secondary hub-and-spoke topology, 256
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), 242
Secure Telephone Identity Revisited (STIR), 145
security
containers, 47
data centers, 81
DoS (Denial of Service) attacks, 52, 119
encryption, 302
definition of, 29
FaaS (firewalls as a service), 244
cyber terrorism, 305
insider breaches, 299–300, 303–304
IoT (Internet of Things), 364
ransomware, 304
redress against hackers, 304–305
resistance to attacks, 298–299
security software, 299
IP PBX (Private Branch Exchange), 101–102
IP VPNs (Internet Protocol Virtual Private Networks), 240–243
IPsec (Internet Protocol Security), 241–242
L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol), 241, 242
MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching), 236
recognition of attacks, 301
response to attacks, 301
SSL (Secure Sockets Layer), 242
TLS (Transport Layer Security), 241, 242
Wi-Fi and mobile networks, 377–378
Securus Technologies, 155
Sensity Systems, 135
servers
bare metal, 47
blade, 120
sprawl, 45
energy savings, 43
scalability, 43
White Boxes, 178
Service Level Agreements (SLAs), 82, 257
services, managed. See managed services
Serving Gateway (SW), 344
Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), 92, 105–106, 120, 221, 258–259
Shaban, Hamza, 147
shadow IT, 56
SHAKEN (Signature-based Handling of Asserted Information using toKENs), 145
shared spectrum, 325
Shazam, 167
SHDSL (Symmetric High-Data Rate DSL), 268
Shoah Foundation, 33
ShuttleFund, 303
analog versus digital, 63
billing and monitoring with, 221
control plane, 261
data plane, 261
DSPs (Digital Signal Processors), 104–105
SIP (Session Initiation Protocol), 92, 105–106, 120, 221, 258–259
Signature-based Handling of Asserted Information using toKENs (SHAKEN), 145
signatures, DPI (Deep Packet Inspection), 29
Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP), 41
Sina, 5
Sinclair Broadcast Group, 144
SIP (Session Initiation Protocol), 92, 105–106, 120, 221, 258–259
Siri, 167
skinny bundles, 216
Skinny Client Control Protocol (SCCP), 120
Sky, 134
SLAs (Service Level Agreements), 82, 257
Snap, 162
Snapfish, 289
Snowden, Edward, 296
SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol), 41
social media
data privacy issues, 162
expenses, 126
lobbying by, 148
political influence of, 162
privacy issues, 127
subsidies and apps, 161
Instagram, 161
Twitter, 165
SoftBank Group Corp.21
SoftCom, 289
Software as a Service (SaaS), 51–52
Software Defined Networking. See SDN (Software Defined Networking)
SONET (Synchronous Optical Network), 189, 191, 224
Sony Pictures Entertainment, 285
Spalter, Jonathan, 312
speaker-dependent speech recognition, 116
speaker-independent speech recognition, 115
Spectrum, 155
spectrum, Wi-Fi, 323
acquisition through corporate acquisitions, 329–330
cellular structures, 323
frequencies, 324
interference, mitigation of, 331
international synchronization of, 330–331
profits on secondary market, 328–329
shared, 325
wavelength characteristics, 324–325
speeds, broadband, 231
Carrier GigE (Gigabit Ethernet), 250–251
MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching), 238
Spiegel, Evan, 162
spinning applications to cloud, 53–54
splices, 16
splitters, 205
Sprint
ISP services, 276
mergers and acquisitions, 151
proposed merger with T-Mobile, 126–127
resellers, 155
SS7 (Signaling System 7), 220
SSL (Secure Sockets Layer), 242
ST (Straight Tip) connectors, 14
stacks, 57
star topology, 256
stateful inspection, 29
static IP (Internet Protocol) addresses, 249
statistical multiplexing, 38–39
statistics, contact center, 113
steering, band, 376
steering, client, 376
STIR (Secure Telephone Identity Revisited), 145
storage area networks (SANs), 88
storage systems
HCI (hyper-converged infrastructure), 89
performance monitoring, 85
SANs (storage area networks), 88
storage components, 86
Straight Path Communications, 135, 329
Straight Tip (ST) connectors, 14
streaming media, 31–32, 290. See also entertainment content, transmission of
accessing, 282
ad revenue on, 286
competition in, 286
growth in, 281
industry impact, 127
Pay-TV, 289
set-top boxes for, 283
worldwide availability, 287
Stringify, 134
submarine network systems, 185
cloud and content providers, 186
power limitations, 186
technological advances in, 185–186
Sub-Saharan Africa, mobile service in, 338
subsidies
e-rate, 143
SuddenLink, 135
super channels, 8
Superclick, 133
SW (Serving Gateway), 344
40/100Gbps Ethernet switch standards, 74
criticality of, 73
MAC (Media Access Control) addresses in, 72
Layer 3, 121
criticality of, 73
IP addresses in, 71
redundancy, 74
Layer 4, 121
user errors, 75
symmetric channels, transitioning to
coaxial cable capacity, 214
DOCSIS standards, 213–215, 225
QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation), 214–215
Symmetric High-Data Rate DSL (SHDSL), 268
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH), 191
Synchronous Ethernet, 188
Synchronous Optical Network. See SONET (Synchronous Optical Network)
synchronous protocols, 191
T
tandem offices, 276
TBH app, 161
Tbps (terabits per second), 39
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), 275
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol), 40, 78
TDM (Time-Division Multiplexing), 38, 189, 224, 233, 356
Telapex, Inc.151
telecommunications, definition of, 219
Telecommunications Act, 128–130, 219
telecommunications industry, 132. See also individual telecommunications companies
capital depreciation in, 182
churn rates, 150
competition, 130–131, 148–149. See also consolidation via mergers
MVNOs (Mobile Virtual Network Operators), 154–155
nontraditional competitors, 155–167
overbuilders, 153
prisoner telephony providers, 155
quarterly residential subscriber losses, 131
wholesale providers, 152
consolidation via mergers
impact on consumers, 151
mergers and acquisitions, 132–133
A-CAM (Alternative Connect America Model), 141–142
COPPA (Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act), 146
e-rate subsidies, 143
ICC (Intercarrier Compensation) fees, 139–141
media consolidation issues, 144
rate of return guarantees, 139
universal service, 139
utility pole attachments, 138–139
broadband availability in, 131–132, 315–316
CAF (Connect America Fund), 137
A-CAM (Alternative Connect America Model), 141–142
e-rate subsidies, 143
Internet connectivity costs in, 198–199
Telecommunications Act, 128–130, 219
Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA), 19
Telehouse, 223
Tellabs, 206
TellMe, 165
Telogis, 135
Tencent, 5
thin-client technology, 91
This Technology, 134
Threat Stack, 55
three-factor authentication, 242–243
throughput, 25
TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association), 19
Tier 1 carriers, 293
Tier 2 carriers, 293
Tier 3, 134
time in flight, 85
time synch, 376
Time Warner Cable, 134, 151–152, 284
time-division air interfaces, 355–356
Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM), 38, 189, 224, 233, 356
TiVo, 210
TLS (Transport Layer Security), 241, 242
mergers and acquisitions, 126–127, 151
resellers, 155
topology
common configurations, 255–257
TPG, 153
traffic
DPI (Deep Packet Inspection), 25, 26–29
multiplexing. See multiplexing
per packet flexible routing, 24–25
shaping, 25
stateful inspection, 29
throughput, 25
transducers, light-source, 17
Transmission Control Protocol. See TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
Transport Layer Security (TLS), 241, 242
transport networks, 223, 340–341
Tropicana, 83
Trump, Donald, 220
Twitch, 160
Twitter, 165
two-factor authentication, 242–243
U
Ubuntu, 46
UC (Unified Communications), 107
conferencing
collaboration software, 108–109
desktop video conferencing, 107–109
immersive HD video conferencing, 110
e-mail and messaging, 107
UHD (Ultra High Definition) TV, 30
Unified Communications. See UC (Unified Communications)
Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS) systems, 82
Unity, 36
universal service, 139
Universal Service Fund (USF), 141
universities, Wi-Fi in, 373
unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cabling, 19–20
upgrading set-top boxes, 211, 212
UPS (Uninterrupted Power Supply) systems, 82
U.S. Army Research Laboratory, 33
USC Shoah Foundation, 33
USF (Universal Service Fund), 141
USTelecon, 312
utility pole attachments, 138–139
UTP (unshielded twisted pair) cabling, 19–20
V
VDI (Virtual Desktop Integration), 90–91
VDSL (Very-High-Bit-Rate DSL), 268
Verizon
co-location facilities, 223
expenses, 126
FTTH (fiber to the home), 208–209
history of, 128
ISP services, 276
large enterprise reliance on, 130
lobbying by, 148
mergers and acquisitions, 132, 134–135, 151
resellers, 155
rural availability of, 315
spectrum blocks, 327
user privacy issues, 307
Very-High-Bit-Rate DSL (VDSL), 268
Vessel, 135
Viacom, 285
Viber, 234
video
compression
codecs, 34
standards, 64
conferencing
collaboration software, 108–109
desktop video conferencing, 107–109
immersive HD video conferencing, 110
video processing engines, 290
video streaming. See streaming media
virtual contact centers, 112
virtual machines, 42–43, 44–45
Virtual Private Cloud, 44
Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), 53–54
virtual reality. See VR (virtual reality)
energy savings, 43
hardware failure, impact of, 89
network functions virtualization, 92
NFV (Network Function Virtualization), 177
CORD (Central Office Re-architected as a Data Center), 181–184
Open Source MANO (Management and Organization), 179–181
OTNs (Optical Transport Networks), 192
VNFs (virtual network functions), 178–179
scalability, 43
VDI (Virtual Desktop Integration), 90–91
virtual machines, 42–43, 44–45
Virtual Private Cloud, 44
VLANs (virtual LANs), 75, 103, 121
VPNs (Virtual Private Networks), 53–54
viruses, black day, 244
Visible World, 134
Visio, 165
Vizio, 307
VLANs (virtual LANs)
prioritizing voice and video on, 103
VMware, Inc.43
VNFs (virtual network functions), 178–179
V-NOVA PERSEUS, 33
VOD (video-on-demand). See streaming media
Voice over LTE (VoLTE), 345–347
Voice Response Units. See VRUs (Voice Response Units)
VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol), 28–29, 231. See also IP PBX (Private Branch Exchange)
DID (Direct Inward Dialing), 106
ICC (Intercarrier Compensation) fees, 140
impact on traditional carriers, 234
IP PBX (Private Branch Exchange), 99
advantages of, 100
DID (Direct Inward Dialing), 106
power sources, 105
residential versus enterprise services, 231–234
SIP (Session Initiation Protocol), 105–106
voice QoS (quality of service), 101–102
VoLTE (Voice over LTE), 345–347
Vonage, 233
VPNs (Virtual Private Networks), 53–54
IP VPNs (Internet Protocol Virtual Private Networks), 238–239
advantages and disadvantages, 239–240
MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching), 235
HMDs (head-mounted displays), 35–36
technical and content availability challenges, 37
VRUs (Voice Response Units), 114–115
digital assistant software, 117–118
Vyatta, 133
W
WA SDNs (Wide Area Software Defined Networks), 235
comparison of broadband services, 262
implementation challenges, 262
MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching), 262
orchestration and automation, 261
Walt Disney Co.126, 285
WANs (Wide Area Networks)
dedicated services in, 253–254
definition of, 121
statistical multiplexing in, 38–39
WA SDNs (Wide Area Software Defined Networks)
comparison of broadband services, 262
implementation challenges, 262
MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching), 262
orchestration and automation, 261
warehouses, Wi-Fi in, 373
Watch, 161
Watchwith, 134
wavelengths
definition of, 7
splitting fiber-optic cabling into, 7–8
Waymo LLC, 158
Waze GPS, 278
WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access), 334, 385
WebEx, 109
WebRTC, 108
Weixin, 234
White Boxes, 178
white spaces, 332
wholesale providers, 152
Wide Area Networks. See WANs (Wide Area Networks)
Wide Area Software Defined Networks. See WA SDNs (Wide Area Software Defined Networks)
Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WSDMA), 334, 385
WideOpenWest (WOW), 135
Wi-Fi Alliance, 379
Wi-Fi and mobile networks, 92, 322–323
releases and revisions to, 384–385
4G technologies, 333–335. See also LTE (Long-Term Evolution) networks
802.11 standards, 368–373, 385–387
access points, 376
applications
M2M (machine-to-machine) mobile services, 367
prepaid mobile services, 368
CoW (Cellular Service on Wheels), 354
in homes, 374
IoT (Internet of Things)
drones, 364
privacy issues, 364
security, 364
LTE (Long-Term Evolution), 335–339
capacity, 338
cell site functionality, 338
evolved packet core databases, 343–344
frequency-division air interfaces, 355–356
HetNets (Heterogeneous Networks), 350–355
history of, 335
IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem), 347–348
MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) antennas, 356–357, 359, 370–371
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing), 357–358
time-division air interfaces, 355–356
VoLTE (Voice over LTE), 345–347
mobile services worldwide, 382–383
modems in, 341
pedestrian injuries during mobile use, 361
spectrum, 323
acquiring through corporate acquisitions, 329–330
cellular structures, 323
frequencies, 324
interference, mitigation of, 331
international synchronization of, 330–331
profits on secondary market, 328–329
shared, 325
wavelength characteristics, 324–325
Wi-Fi Certified Home Design, 375
Wi-Fi Direct, 387
WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access 2), 377–378
Wi-Fi Certified Home Design, 375
Wi-Fi Direct, 387
Wilco Electronic Systems, 134
WinZip, 31
wireless networks. See Wi-Fi and mobile networks
wiring centers, 174
Workplace, 161
World Radiocommunication Conferences (WRC), 330
WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access 2), 377–378
WRU (World Radiocommunication Conferences), 330
X
Xbox One, 163
XG PON1 (10 Gigabit PON), 206
XGS PON (10 Gigabit Symmetric PON), 206
XML (Extensible Markup Language), 41
Y
Yahoo!, 135
Z
Zagat, 277
Zappos, 160
Zeash, 303
zero rating, 313
Zuckerberg, Mark, 162