A

1-bit DAC, 439, 440

5.1-channel surround-sound system, 411–12

8-VSB, 628, 629, 630

Absolute linear fader, 128

Accumulator, 108, 255

Active filters, 186–7

Adaptation, 650

Adaptation layers, 591, 661, 663

Adaptive spectral perceptual entropy coding (ASPEC) system, 445

ADC parameters, 221

Additive colour matching, 80

Address generation:

in digital video processing, 251–5

Advanced video coding (AVC), 328, 375–81

coder and decoder, 383–5

motion compensation in, 381–3

and MPEG-4, 367–9

AES-3-1992, 608, 611

AES 47, 662

Alternate mark inversion (AMI), 613, 614

Alternative convertors, 428–31

Ampex, 2, 569

Analog fader, 127

Analog monochrome video, vertical/temporal spectrum of, 189–90

Analog-to-digital conversion, 423–8, 213–20

Analog-to-digital convertor (ADC), 4, 12–13, 18, 19, 97–8, 218, 221

Ancillary data, 603

Aperture effect, 77–9

Application independence, 657

Arithmetic logic unit (ALU), 114

Array sizes, in computer graphics, 271

Assemble edit, 276

Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), 614, 615

Asynchronous serial interface (ASI), 592, 605

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), 589

AALs, 660–3

broadband networks, 657–60

Asynchronous transmission, 37

ATSC, 628, 641–7

Audio Engineering Society/European Broadcast Union (AES/EBU), 587, 591, 605–11, 662

Automatic gain control (AGC), 539, 540

Azimuth recording, 474

B

B channels, 612–14

Back channel, 587, 614

Background strobing, 61

Backward masking, 405

Bandwidth and definition, 76–7

Basic Rate ISDN, 612, 613

Basis function, 163, 175

Bi-directional coder, 352–6

Bi-directional coding, 340–2, 618

Binary addition, 106–10

Binary coding, 6, 7

Biphase mark code, see FM code

Birefringence, 46

Bit-cell centre transition, 489

Bit error rate (BER), 501

Bit errors, 25, 501, 596

Bits, 6

Black-level clamping, 73, 74

Blanking, 98, 99, 241, 603

Block code:

and convolutional code, 507–9

Block interleaving, 513, 514

Block matching, 289–90, 291

Blocks, 19

Blue hot, 42

Branch, 113

“Brick wall” filters, 184, 185

Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN), 614, 657

Broadband networks:

and Asynchronous Transfer Mode, 657–60

Broadcast modulation techniques, 627–36

Burst-correcting codes, 513

Burst error, 25, 28, 29

Butterfly, 167, 168, 170, 171

Byte, 6

C

Camcorder, 24, 33, 585

Camera-shake compensation, 307–10

Canaletto paintings, 258

Candela (cd), 48

Carrier sense multiple access with collision detect (CSMA/CD), 651–2

Cartographers, 250

Cathode ray tube (CRT), 2

CCIR-601, 237, 238

Central processing unit (CPU), 114, 115

Channel coding, 484–6, 627

Channel-status block, 609, 610

Character generator, 265, 266, 267, 269

Chroma, 11

Chroma keying, 242–6

Chucking, 570

Clock jitter, see Sampling clock jitter

Clocking system, for channel coding, 483, 484

Code book, 490

Code rate, 188, 490

Code word, 501, 505, 516–17, 518, 519

see also Reed–Solomon codes

Codec, 318, 319, 386

Coding applications, 342–3

Coding artifacts, 385–8

Coding gain, 318, 330–1, 346

Collision, 652–3, 654

Colorimetry, 9–11, 80–8

Colour difference signals, 10, 11, 88–93, 97, 190, 192, 224, 225, 231, 233, 234, 235, 238, 242–3, 248, 320

Colour Look Up Table (CLUT), 271

Colour vision, 79–80

Common part convergence sublayer (CPCS), 663

Communication systems, 587

AES/EBU, 591, 592, 605–11, 662

ancillary data, 603

ASI, 605

ATM AALs, 660–3

ATSC, 628, 641–7

broadband networks:

and ATM, 657–60

broadcast modulation techniques, 627–36

digital television broadcasting, 615–18

DVB, 637–40

DVB receiver, 640–1

error correction, 637

FireWire, 654–7

HD-SDI, 601–3

MPEG packets:

and time stamps, 618–21

network arbitration, 649–54

networks, 647–9

production-related interfaces, 591–2

program-specific information, 621–3

SD-SDI, 597–600

SDTI, 603–5

serial digital video interfaces, 592–4

synchronising, 594–7

telephone-based systems, 611–15

transport stream multiplexing, 624–7

Compander, 318

Companding, 446–7

Component video, digitizing, 223–9

Composite video, 11, 69, 320, 387

Compression:

and MPEG, 33–6

and packetizing, 18–21

Compression factor, 318, 319, 330, 453

Compression system, 318, 321

Compression techniques

in television systems, 317, 319, 320

Computer, of digital video systems, 110–13

Computer and video formats, converting between, 270–4

Computer graphics card, 270

Concatenation loss, 388

Concealment, 577, 578

and error correction, 25–7

by interpolation, 506–7

Connection-oriented protocol, 658

Connectionless protocol, 658

Context adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC), 384

Context adaptive variable-length coding (CAVLC), 384, 385

Contouring, 201, 246, 248

Contrast index (CI), 50, 51

Controlling effects:

in digital video processing, 263–4

Conversion, 179

analog-to-digital conversion, 213–20

convertor quality, factors affecting, 221–9

digital domain, colour in, 230–5

digital-to-analog conversion, 211–12

dither, introduction to, 201–3

filter design, 185–7

quantizing, 195–6

quantizing error, 196–201

reconstruction, 183–5

requantizing and digital dither, 203–11

sampling and aliasing, 180–3

sampling clock jitter, 192–5

two-dimensional sampling spectra, 187–92

Convolution, 138–41

Convolutional code:

and block code, 507–9

Convolutional interleaving, 514, 515

Corrector, 519

Correlation surface, 293, 296, 297

Co-siting, 225

Critical bands, 402–12

Critical flicker frequency (CFF), 56

Cross-fade, 237, 239

Cross-interleaving, 529

Crossword code, 507

Cyclic codes, 509

Cyclic redundancy check (CRC), 511, 519, 601

Cyclic redundancy check character (CRCC), 549, 604, 611

Cylindrical lens method, 558

D

D channel, 613

D-type latch, 104, 131

Data paths, 114

Data separation:

and equalization, 477–8

Decimation, 151

Decode time stamps (DTS), 619

Defect handling, 551–3

De-interlacing, 310–14

Demultiplexer, 20, 36, 127

Density ratio (DR), 486

De-serializing, 492

Detent, 480, 481, 486, 541

Dielectric, 463–4

Differential pulse code modulation (DPCM), 428, 430

see also Sigma-DPCM

Differential quadrature phase-shift keying (DQPSK), 628

Diffraction grating, 561

Digital audio, 37–8

in video:

alternative convertors, 428–31

analog-to- digital conversion, 423–8

choice of sampling rate, 413–15

critical bands, 402–12

digital-to-analog conversion, 415–23

Dolby AC-3, 457–8

level and loudness, 400–2

MPEG audio compression, 444–56

one-bit convertors, 439–42

operating levels in, 443–4

oversampling and noise shaping, 431–9

sound, 397–400

and video synchronisation, 444

Digital cinema, 38

Digital coding principles, 461

basic error correction, 501–6

block and convolutional codes, 507–9

channel coding, 484–6

concealment, by interpolation, 506–7

cyclic codes, 509

equalization and data separation, 477–8

group codes, 490–2

magnetic recording, 468–74

optical disks:

and magneto-optical disks, 475–7

randomizing and encryption, 493–500

recording medium, types of, 467–8

simple codes, 486–9

slicing:

and jitter rejection, 478–84

transmission channel, types of, 463–4

transmission lines, 464–7

Digital dither:

and requantizing, 203–11

Digital faders:

and controls, 127–34

Digital filmmaking, 278–80

Digital principles, 95

binary addition, 106–10

binary code, 96–7

computer, application of, 110–13

convolution, 138–41

digital signal processors, 117–21

discrete cosine transform, 170–4

faders and controls, 127–34

filters, 134–7

FIR filters, 142–7, 151

and IIR filters, 141–2

Fourier transform, 162–70, 175

gain control, by multiplication, 110

IIR filters, 141–2

interrupts, handling of, 113–17

multiplexing principles, 124–7

processing, 100–6

sampling-rate conversion, 147–59

statistical multiplexing, 127

time base correction, 121–4

transforms, 137–8

and duality, 159–62

wavelet transform, 174–6

Digital recording, see Digital coding principles

Digital set top box, 2

Digital signal processors (DSPs), 117–21

Digital system, 106

Digital television broadcasting, 615–18

error correction in, 637

Digital video broadcasting (DVB), 637–40

handheld devices, 17

receiver, 640–1

Digital video cassettes, 573–4

Digital video effects (DVEs), 259, 390

Digital video processing:

address generation

and interpolation, 251–5

blanking, 241

camera-shake compensation, 307–10

chroma keying, 242–6

controlling effects, 263–4

de-interlacing, 310–14

digital filmmaking, 278–80

digital vision mixer, 237–41

edit-point location, 282–4

editing, 284–6

graphics, 264–74

and paint systems, 275–6

keying, 241–2

linear editing:

and non-linear editing, 276–7

motion-compensated standards conversion, 301–7

motion compensation, applications of, 286–300

noise reduction, 314–15

non-linear workstation, 280–2

non-planar effects, 262–3

online editing:

and offline editing, 277–8

perspective rotation, 258–62

planar digital video effects, 251

simple effects, 246–51

skew and rotation, 255–8

Digital-to-analog conversion, 211–12, 415–23

Digital-to-analog convertor (DAC), 22, 98

Digital videotape, 569–71

Digital VTR block diagram, 574–80

Dim encoder, 392

Direct memory access (DMA), 545, 550

Direct modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT), 456

Discrete cosine transform (DCT), 170–4, 570

Discrete Fourier transform, 162, 163, 170

Discrete frequency transform, 450–1

Discrete time integrator, 108

Disk controller, 533, 545–51

Disk servers, 553

Disk storage, 534–7

Dither, introduction to, 201–3

Dither techniques, 207

Dolby AC-3 system, 38, 457–8

Dolby laboratories, 446

DTMF, 612

Duality, of transforms, 159–62

DV and DVCPRO, 580–5

DVD player, structure of, 564–9

Dynamic element matching, 417–18

Dynamic resolution, 56

motion portrayal, 60–1

E

E1, 613

Ear, 397, 398–400

EBU timecode, 279

Edit decision list (EDL), 277, 328–9

Edit-point location, 282–4

Editing, in digital video processing, 284–6

linear and non-linear editing, 276–7

online and offline editing, 277–8

EFMPlus coding, 566–7

Elementary stream, 362, 454

structure of, 364–5

Embedded-servo technique, 544

End of active video (EAV), 594, 601

Energy dispersal, 632

Equal loudness contours, 401, 402

Equalization, 606, 607

and data separation, 477–8

Equivalent rectangular bandwidth (ERB), 405

Erasable optical disks, 536, 554

Erasure flags, see Error flags

Error bursts, 501

Error correction, 25–6, 27, 501–6, 637

Error detection, 502

and handling, 592

Error flags, 529

Error propagation, 509

Ethernet, 588, 648, 651, 653

European Broadcast Union (EBU), 9, 605

Exchangeable-pack drives, 539, 546

Exclusive-OR (XOR) gate, 131, 502

Eye, 10, 53–60, 90

F

Face and body animation, 369

Fast address generators, 255

Fast Fourier transform (FFT), 162, 165, 167, 170, 171, 635, 640, 641

Figure of merit (FoM), 486, 491

File servers, 32

Filter design, for conversion, 185–7

Filters, 134–7

Finite field, 109

Finite-impulse response (FIR) filters, 141, 142–7, 151, 254

FireWire, 648, 654–7

Firmware, 112

First In First Out (FIFO) memory, 551

Flash convertor, 213, 214, 423, 431

Flash memory, 31

Flexible macroblock ordering (FMO), 376

Floating-point notation, 446–8

FM code, 487, 488

Focus and tracking systems, 557–64

Focus-error system, 557

Forward error-correcting schemes, 505

Forward error correction (FEC), 591

Forward masking, 405

Fourier transform, 162–70, 175, 291

Fractional-ratio conversion, 150, 155, 158

Full adder, 106, 107

G

Gain control, by multiplication, 110

Galois, Evariste, 131

Galois field, 131–3, 522, 529

Gamma conversion, 272

Gamma function, 58–60

Gaussian distribution, 30

Gaussian PDF dither, 209–10

Gibb's phenomenon, 142

Gradient matching, 290

Graphics art/paint system, 264–76

Gray code, 128, 129

Group codes, 490–2, 501

“Guard-band-less” recording, 474

H

Half adder, 106, 107

Hamming code, 596, 597

HANC/vertical blanking, 603

Hard-disk-based workstation, 280, 281

Hard-disk edit, 285

HD-SDI, 601–3

HDA, see Head disk assembly

Head disk assembly, 546

Header, 20, 126

Headroom, 443

High-definition (HD) video, 8–9

Horizontal synchronising system, 72–6

Hub, 648

Huffman code, 323–4

Human auditory system (HAS), 1

Human visual system (HVS), 1, 39, 51–3

see also Eye

I

I coding, see Intra-coding

I pictures, see Intra pictures

Identification code (ID), 20, 126

IEEE 1394-1995, 654–5

Image-correlation process, 296–7

Image-stabilizing cameras, 308, 309

Imperfect coding, 385

Implied seek, 545

In-loop deblocking, 380, 381

Infinite-impulse response (IIR) filter, 141–2

Ingestion, 1

Inner code, 29, 529

Insert editing, 276

Integer-ratio conversion, 150, 151

Integrated digital network (IDN), 612

Integrated receiver-decoder (IRD), 2

Integrated services digital network (ISDN), 612–13, 614

Intensity, 47

Intentional logic scheme, 102

Interactive video, 15, 587

Interaural delay (IAD), 406, 408

Inter-coded compression, 330

Interlaced scanning:

vs. progressive scanning, 64–8

Interleaving, 28, 513–15, 529

International Electrochemical Commission (IEC), 444

International Standards Organization (ISO), 325, 444

Internetworks/internets, 588

Interpolator, 153–4, 218

Interrupts, handling of, 113–17

Intersymbol interference, 473, 477

Intra pictures, 331

Intra-coded compression, 329

Intra-coding, 330, 334, 339

Intranet, 588

Inverse gamma lookup table, 272

Inverse multiplexers (I-MUXes), 613

Inverse transform, 233, 293, 345

Isochronous transmission, 37

ITU-601, 224, 227

J

Jitter margin, 486

Jitter-rejection mechanism:

and slicing, 478–84

Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG), 329–30

Juke box mechanisms, 536

K

Kaiser window, 144

Kell factor, 76

Keying, in digital video processing, 241–2

Keying system, 268

Knife-edge method, 558, 560

Knots, 263, 264

L

Layer I MPEG decoder, 454, 455

Least significant bit (LSB), 6, 196

Lempel–Ziv–Welch lossless codes, 324

Lid/drawer mechanisms, 566

Light, 40–1

sources, 41–3

Light amplification, 554

Linear and nonlinear editing:

in digital video processing, 276–7

Linear-phase system, 291, 292

“Linear quantizing”, 196

Lip sync loss, 37

Local area networks (LANs), 588, 648

Locator, 519, 521

Logic elements/gates, 100, 102

Lossless coding, 319, 325, 384

Lossy coding, 319

Loudness and levels, 400–2

Low-loss dielectrics, 463–4, 466

Low-pass filters (LPF), 143, 151, 159–60, 183, 186

Lumen (lm), 47, 48, 49

Luminance, 47

Luminous efficiency function, 40, 49

Luminous flux, 47, 48

Luminous intensity, 47

M

M-ary coding, see Multilevel signalling

Macintosh, 272

Macroblocks, 336, 338, 339, 343, 351, 364, 365, 367, 382

Magnetic disk, 537–40

Magnetic recording, 468–74

Magneto-optic (MO) disks, 554

Magneto-optic component, 555

Magneto-optical recording, 475–7

Manchester code, see FM code

Mantissa, 446–8, 458

Map projection, 250

Masking pattern adapted universal subband integrated coding and multiplexing (MUSICAM), 444–5, 451, 454

Masking tone, 405, 452

Mercator, 250

Merging, 491

Mesh object, 368

Metal oxide semiconductor (MOS), 105

Metropolitan area networks (MANs), 588

Mid-tread quantizer, 197, 198

Miller code, see Modified frequency modulation

Modified frequency modulation (MFM), 488–9, 539

Modulation scheme, 590

Modulation transfer function (MTF), 50, 51, 253

Modulo-2, 109, 493, 516

Modulo-N arithmetic, 109

Monochrome video, 69

vertical/temporal spectrum of, 189–90

Morse code, 323

Mosaicing system, 249, 251

Most significant bit (MSB), 6, 12, 13, 106, 213

Motion-compensated standards conversion, 301–7

Motion compensation, 68, 220, 308, 332, 335, 337, 343, 361

applications of, 286–300

in AVC, 381–3

Motion estimation techniques, 289

block matching, 289–90

gradient matching, 290

phase correlation, 201–300

Motion Portrayal and Dynamic Resolution, 60–1

Motion vectors, 302, 303, 304, 336

Moving-head disk drive, 535

Moving Pictures Experts Group (MPEG), 16, 35, 36, 37, 320, 325–9, 616

audio compression, 444–56

packets and time stamps, 618–21

and video compression, 33–6, 317

AVC, 375–81

AVC codec, 383–5

bi-directional coder, 352–6

bi-directional coding, 340–2

coding applications, 342–3

coding artifacts, 385–8

elementary stream, 364–5

interlaced pictures, handling, 358–62

intra-coding, 339

motion compensation, in AVC, 381–3

MPEG-2 coder, 362–4

MPEG-2 decoder, 365–7

MPEG-4 and AVC, 367–9

predictive coding, 338–9

processing MPEG-2 and concatenation, 388–94

scanning and RLC/VLC coding, 348–52

slices, 357

spatial and temporal redundancy, 329–38

spatial compression, 343–8

texture coding, 369–75

MPEG-1, 328, 445

MPEG-2, 320, 328, 370, 377, 623

processing and concatenation, 388–94

MPEG-2 coder, 362–4

MPEG-2 decoder, 365–7, 624

MPEG-4, 328, 370, 373, 375, 377

and AVC, 367–9

MPEG decoder, 454, 455, 568

Multilevel signalling, 628, 630

Multiplexing principles, 20, 124–7

N

N-ISDN, 614, 657

Naive concatenation, 389

National Television Standards Committee (NTSC), 11, 63, 87, 230, 320, 387, 569, 599, 600, 646

Near-instantaneous companding, 448

Negative logic, 101, 102, 103

Negative/low true logic, 103

Negative overflow, 106

Network arbitration, 649–54

Network information table (NIT), 621

Network termination equipment, 588

Networks, 18, 27, 534, 588–9, 647–9

NICAM 728 system, 38, 415

Noise and probability, 30–1

Noise reduction, in digital video processing, 314–15

Noise shaping, 430

and oversampling, 431–9

Noise-shaping convertors, 429, 430

Non-linear editing, 276–7

Non-linear transfer function, 244, 245, 247

Non-linear workstation, 280–2

Non-planar effects:

in digital video processing, 262–3

Non-Return to Zero (NRZ) code, 486, 487

Non-Return to Zero Invert (NRZI) code, 487

Numerically locked loop (NLL), 192, 365, 622

Nyquist's theorem, 182

O

OFDM, 633–6

Offline editing, 277–8

Offset binary, 97–8, 99–100, 240, 241

One-bit convertors, 439–42

Online editing, 277

Open collector system, 101, 103

Operating levels, in digital audio, 443–4

Optic flow axis, 60, 61, 286, 287, 288, 333

Optical and video principles, 39, 44–7

aperture effect, 77–9

bandwidth, 76–7

black-level clamping, 74

colour difference signals, 88–93

colour vision, 79–80

colorimetry, 80–8

eye, 53–60

gamma, 58–60

human visual system, 51–3

interlaced scan, 64–8

light, 40–1

sources of, 41–3

motion portrayal and dynamic resolution, 60–1

photometric units, 47–51

progressive scan, 64–8

scanning, 62–8

SD and HDTV, scanning formats, 79

synchronising, 69–76

Optical disks:

and magneto-optical disks, 475–7

principles, 554–7

Outer code, 29, 529, 637–8

Overlapped block motion compensation (OBMC), 373, 375

Oversampling, 215–20

and noise shaping, 431–9

P

P coding, see Predictive coding

P pictures, see Predicted pictures

Packet identification code (PID), 620, 621, 626

Packet multiplexing, 20, 21, 36, 126, 127

Packetised elementary stream (PES), 618, 619, 620

Packets, 18, 20, 21, 126, 612, 619, 620

Palette, 271, 275

Parallel data, 594, 601

Parallel transmission, 8

Parity, 502, 503, 507, 509, 608

“Parking”, 546

Partial response, 496–500

Payload, 20, 126, 620

PCM digital system, 320–1

Peak-shift distortion, 473, 478

Perceptive coding, 319, 320, 325

Permanent virtual channel, 659

Persistence of vision, 56, 78

Personal video recorder (PVR), 15, 35

Perspective rotation, 258–62

Phase Alternate Line (PAL), 11, 63, 320, 387, 569, 599, 600

Phase correlation, 291–300

Phase correlator, 292

Phase linearity, 292

Phase-locked loop (PLL), 22, 23, 191–2, 483, 595

Phase margin (T_w), see Jitter margin

Phase shift keying (PSK), 628, 630

Photometric units, 47–51

Physical medium-dependent layer, 590

Pinhole camera, 258

Place theory, 400

Planar digital video effects, 251–2

Planck, Max, 41, 43

Point spread function, 134, 135

Positions, 486

Positive/high true logic, 103

Positive logic, 101, 102, 103

Positive overflow, 106

Posterizing, 246

Predicted pictures, 331, 333, 335, 353, 354, 392

Predictive coding, 338–9, 352, 383

Presentation time stamp (PTS), 619

Product codes, 28–9, 507–9, 529–30, 578

Production-related interfaces, 591–2

Programmable timer, 118

Program association table (PAT), 621

Program Clock Reference (PCR), 622–3, 626

Program counter (PC), 114, 115

Program map table (PMT), 621

Program-specific information (PSI), 621–3

Progressive scanning:

vs. interlaced scanning, 64–8

Pseudo-random sequence (PRS), 131, 133, 493, 632, 639

Pulse code modulation (PCM), 3, 95, 428

Pure binary code, 96–7

Q

Quadrature amplitude modulation (QUAM), 630, 631

Quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), 628

Quadruplex, 2

Quantizing, 4, 195–6

Quantizing error, 196–201

Quincunx sampling, 187, 188, 189

R

Radiometry, 39

RAID arrays, 552

Random access memory (RAM), 18, 19, 23, 24, 25, 105, 112, 113, 567, 579

Random error, 25, 29, 529

Randomizing and encryption, 493–500

Raster, 3, 60

Ratcheting, 242

Read only memory (ROM), 24, 31, 112, 113

Real time television, 36–7

Reclocking, 100, 103

Reconstruction filter, 181–2, 185, 186

Recording medium, types of, 467–8

Rectangular PDF dither, 207–8

Recursive filters, 141

Red hot, 42

Redundancy, 321, 322, 505

Reed–Solomon codes (R-S codes), 519–27, 637

Remultiplexing, 626

Rendering, 110

Requantizer, 432, 433

Requantizing, 240, 347

and digital dither, 203–10

RGB signals, 230

Rotary head recorder, 19, 33, 474, 496, 513, 571, 572, 580

Rotary head tape transport, 571–3

Rotation and skew:

in digital video processing, 255–8

Routers, 591

Run-length-limited (RLL) codes, 491, 492, 539

Run-length/variable-length (RLC/VLC) coding, 348–52

S

Saccadic motion, 56

Sampling, 3

Sampling clock jitter, 192–5

Sampling-rate conversion, 147–59

Sampling rate/sampling frequency, 3

Sampling theory, 182, 413

Scanning, 62–8

and RLC/VLC coding, 348–52

Scanning formats, for SD and HDTV, 79

Scheduled velocity, 541–2

Scrambling/pseudo-random coding, 593

SD-SDI, 597–600

Search, 543

SECAM, 11, 320

Seek, 541, 545

Segmentation, 571, 576–7, 581

Serial data transport interface (SDTI), 603–5

Serial digital interface (SDI) standard, 27, 391, 592–4, 603

Serial link, 22, 594

Serial transmission, 492, 592, 593

Servo-surface disks, 543–4

Shannon's theory, 321, 434

Sharpness, 50–1

Sigma–delta convertor, 440, 441

Sigma-DPCM system, 430, 431, 435, 436, 440

Silicon graphics, 272

Single-frequency network (SFN), 635

Single program transport stream (SPTS), 619, 661

Skew, 462

and rotation, 255–8

Slice groups, 376

Slices, 357

Slicing, 7

and jitter rejection, 478–84

Slipper, 537, 538, 539

Soft keying, 242, 243

Solarization, 246, 247

Sony, 421, 570

Sound, 397–400

Sound pressure level (SPL), 400, 401

Spatial and temporal redundancy, in MPEG, 329–38

Spatial compression, 343–8

Spatial luminance gradient, 290

Spatial sampling frequency, 3

Spectral power distributions (SPDs), 40–1, 42

Spline algorithm, 264

Splitter, 555, 614

Sprite, see Still texture object

Square pixel, 235

Stack pointer, 115

“Stacker” programs, 319

Standard definition (SD), 8

scanning formats, 79

Standard IBM graphics connector, 271

Start of active video (SAV), 594, 601

Static memories, 104

Statistical multiplexer (STATMUX), 625, 627

Statistical multiplexing, 36, 127, 621

Stereo and surround sound, 406–12

Still texture object, 368

Storage:

of digital video, 17, 18, 29–33

Storage area networks (SANs), 589

Storage elements, 100, 104–5, 106–7

Storage technology, 533

blocks, accessing, 541–3

defect handling, 551–3

digital video cassettes, 573–4

digital videotape, 569–71

digital VTR block diagram, 574–80

disk controller, 545–51

disk servers, 553

disk storage, 534–7

DV and DVCPRO, 580–5

DVD player, structure of, 564–9

focus and tracking systems, 557–64

magnetic disks, 537–40

optical disk principles, 554–7

rotary head tape transport, 571–3

servo-surface disks, 543–4

Strobe, 656

Stuffing/packing, 127

Subband coding, 449, 451

Subtractive dither, 201

Superword, 123

Surround effect, 51

Surround sound, 38, 406, 412

Sync pattern, 492, 549–50, 609, 610

Sync time, 73

Synchronising, 69–76, 492, 594–7

Synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH), 657, 658

Synchronous optical network (SONET), 657, 658

Synchronous transmission, 37

T

TBC, 122, 123

Telephone-based systems, 611–18

Television systems, 1–2

Temporal compression, see Inter-coded compression

Temporal sampling frequency, 3

Texture coding, 369–75

“Thermomagneto-optics”, 554

Time base correction, 21–5, 121–4

Time compression, 18–21, 121, 571

Time-division multiplexed (TDM) system, 655, 657, 660

Timecode, 279

Timing reference and identification signals (TRS-ID), 594, 596, 599, 601

Token ring system, 653, 654

TotalZeros parameter, 385

Totem-pole output configuration, 103

Touch-tone dialling, 612

Trailing 1’s (T1’s), 385, 613

Transfer function, 196, 198, 221, 244, 245, 250

Transform pair, 159–60, 161

Transforms, 137–8

and duality, 159–62

Transmission:

of digital video, 17, 18, 27–9

Transmission channel, types of, 463–4

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), 590

Transmission lines, 464–7

Transmultiplexer, 626

Transport stream (TS) data, 605, 620, 625

Transport stream multiplexing, 617, 622, 624–7

Transversal filter, 142

Trellis, 647

Triangular PDF dither, 209

Tristate bus system, 103

Tristimulus units, 51

Twisted-ring counter, 131, 132, 510

Two-dimensional sampling spectra, 187–90

Two's complement system, 12–14

U

“Uniform quantizing”, 196

V

VANC, 603

Variable-ratio conversion, 150, 151

VDSL, 615

Vector assignation, 302

Velocity profile, 542

Vertical blanking/HANC, 603

Vertical synchronizing system, 72–6

Video and computer graphics formats, converting between, 270–4

Video and information technology (IT), convergence of, 11–17

Video buffer verifier (VBV), 363, 364

Video compression:

and MPEG, 33–6, 317

AVC, 375–81

AVC codec, 383–5

bi-directional coder, 352–6

bi-directional coding, 340–2

coding applications, 342–3

coding artifacts, 385–8

elementary stream, 364–5

interlaced pictures, handling, 358–62

intra-coding, 339

motion compensation, in AVC, 381–3

MPEG-2 coder, 362–4

MPEG-2 decoder, 365–7

MPEG-4 and AVC, 367–9

predictive coding, 338–9

processing MPEG-2 and concatenation, 388–94

scanning and RLC/VLC coding, 348–52

slices, 357

spatial and temporal redundancy, 329–38

spatial compression, 343–8

texture coding, 369–75

Video object, 368

Video-on-demand, 15, 327, 328, 587, 660

Video signals, 2–4, 329

Video switcher, 241, 242

Virtual channel, 659

Virtual channel indicator (VCI), 660

Virtual path indicator (VPI), 660

Visual accommodation, 54

Visual display unit (VDU), 264, 265

Viterbi decoding, 499–500

Voltage-controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO), 622, 623

Voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), 191, 211, 416, 483

W

Warping, 368

Wavelet transform, 174–6, 331

White hot, 42

Wide area networks (WANs), 588, 648

Winchester technology, 535, 546–8

Window, 25

Window margin, see Jitter margin

Word, 6

Word clock, 23

Word length, 6

Write-once-read-many (WORM) disks, 535

Y

Yeltsin walk, 359

Z

Zero-order hold system, 78

Zig-zag scanning, 348