A
- abrasion collar, 193
- abrasions, 197–198, 219
- absorption-elution, 237
- accelerants, fire, 129, 131–133
- accidental cuts, 196
- accidental deaths, 144, 268
- acid phosphatase, 211, 242
- acid screen, 271
- acids, to get rid of a body, 158
- adipocere formation, 186
- aerial reconnaissance and photography, 51
- affidavit, search warrants and, 44
- AFIS (Automated Fingerprint Identification System), 74, 86–87
- alcohol
- blood-alcohol concentration (BAC), 275
- Breathalyzer test, 275, 276
- hangings and, 222
- intoxication, 275, 276
- alcohol screen, 271
- alkaline screen, 271
- alligator effect, 331
- alpha-amylase, 243
- alterations, in documents, 327–329
- ambient temperature
- estimating time of death, 178
- lividity and, 181
- putrefaction and, 184
- rigor mortis and, 180
- amino acids, 170
- ammonium nitrate, 138
- ammonium nitrate-based explosives (ANFO), 138
- ammunition (ammo), 309–312
- amphetamines, 278, 279
- amplification, 253
- amylase, 243
- anabolic steroids, 282–283
- analgesics, 277
- Anastasia Romanov, 347–348
- angel dust, 280
- angulation fractures, 201
- anthropologist, forensic, 22, 174–175, 361
- anthropometry, 80, 82
- antibodies, in blood serum, 233
- anticonvulsives, 278
- antigen-antibody complex, 233, 236
- antiserum, 236–237
- appointments, missed or forgotten, 189
- arches, 84–86
- arms, bones of, 166
- arsenic, 265, 274, 284
- arson, 125–135. See also fires
- to cover another crime, 126
- fire-starters, 126
- for insurance fraud, 126
- psychological reasons for, 126
- for revenge, 126
- staged crime scene, 39
- for suicide or murder, 126, 127
- terrorism, 126
- where and how the fire started, 127–130
- witnesses, 128
- arterial bleeding, 101–102
- artifacts, 159, 170
- asphyxia. See also suffocation
- autoerotic, 222
- fire-related deaths, 136
- in general, 143
- hangings, 221–222
-
- by strangulation. See strangulation
- strychnine poisoning, 283
- succinyl choline, 285
- associative evidence, 41
- Atlanta Child Murders, 42
- ATP (adenosine tri-phosphate), 179, 180
- autoerotic asphyxia, 222
- autolysis, 182
- Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS), 76, 86–87
- automobile tires. See tires
- automobiles, trace evidence, 116
- autopsies, forensic
- deciding who gets autopsied, 146–148
- definition of, 24
- filing the official autopsy report, 155–156
- forensic pathologist and, 145–146
- performing
- clothing, 149–150
- dissecting the body, 152–153
- external examination, 148–149
- identifying the body, 148
- injuries, 151–152
- measuring and weighing, 149
- photographing the body, 149
- stomach contents, 267
- time of death, 150
- X-rays, 150
- autopsies, medical, 146
- autopsies, psychological, 74
- avulsion, 200
- azoospermia, 211
B
- back spatter, 103
- ballistics, 307
- bar arm hold, 219
- barbiturates, 278
- Barlow, Kenneth, 154
- base pairing, 247
- Bass, William, III, 190
- Beamish, Douglas, 295
- Becker, Abraham, 163
- Behavioral Science Unit, FBI’s, 68, 69
- Bertillon, Alphonse, 80, 82
- bertillonage, 80, 82
- Bianchi, Kenneth, 61
- binders, in paint, 303
- biological evidence, in general, 40
- biological forensic science, 11–12
- biotransformation, 265
- birefringence, 297
- birthmarks, 160
- bite marks, 202–203, 211
- black eye, 354
- bleeding (hemorrhaging)
- bloating, putrefaction and, 183
- blood
- class and individual characteristics, 42
- clotting, 95
- composition of, 232
- confirmatory tests for, 235
- fluorescence of, 235
- in general, 94
- identifying as human, 235–237
- lividity and, 181–182
- paternity testing, 239–241
- physical characteristics of, 94
- population distribution of ABO blood types, 238
- presumptive tests for, 234–235
- surface tension, 94
- tests for, 234–235
- toxins, 265–266
- typing, 232–233, 237–239
- viscosity, 94
- blood groups, discovery of, 14
- blood-alcohol concentration (BAC), 275
- bloodstains (blood spatters)
- from blood spurting or gushing, 95
- in general, 94
- hypothetical case, 106–108
- identifying source of, 233–234
- passive, 96–97
- patterns, 96
- projected. See projected blood spatters
- reconstructing the crime scene from, 105–106
- blowback spatter, 103
- blowflies, 188
- blunt-force trauma
- abrasions and scrapes, 197–198
- bite marks, 202–204
- bruising and battering, 198–200
- fractures (breaking bones), 172, 200–202
- head and brain injuries and skull fractures, 204–207
- overview, 197
- boa constrictor, 216
- body language, lying and, 60
- body of a victim
- body temperature, estimating time of death, 178–179
- bolt cutters, 123
- bone density, 166
- bone marrow, diatoms in, 227
- bones. See also skeletons
- burned, 171
- desiccation of, 171
- determining cause and manner of death, 171–173
- determining race, 168–169
- determining sex, 167–168
- determining whether they are human, 165
- estimating stature, 166–167
- fractures (breaking bones), 171–172, 200–202
- identifying unknown victims, 164–168
- nitrogen level in, 170
- Borkenstein, R. F., 276
- Boston Strangler, 260
- botanist, forensic, definition of, 23
- Bouchard, Gaetane, 295
- boxer’s posture, 136
- Brady, Patrick, 161
- brain
- assessment of, 56–59
- blunt-force trauma, 204–207
- carbon monoxide intoxication and, 224
- dissection at autopsies, 152
- brain death, 142
- Branion, John, 315
- breath test, for alcohol, 275, 276
- Breathalyzer test, 275, 276
- breechblock patterns, 312
- bruising, 199
- bruising and battering, 198–200
- Brussel, James, 69
- bulking up, 282–283
- bullets. See also ammunition; firearms evidence
- bones, 172
- classification of, 310–311
- extracting information from, 310–311
- glass broken by, 301
- handling, 310
- tracking, 192
- bumper fracture, 200
- Bundy, Ted, 67, 340–341
- burial site, artifacts from, 170
- buried corpses, 174, 184, 189
- Burke, William, 217
- “Burking,” 217
C
- cacti and mushrooms, 280
- cadaveric spasm, 181
- Calabro, Carmine, 73
- CALGANG database, 160
- caliber of a weapon, 311–312
- callus, 201
- Capone, Al “Scarface,” 12
- Carbon-14 (C-14), 171
- carbon dioxide, as suffocating gas, 217
- carbon monoxide (CO)
- fire-related deaths, 136
- inhalation of, 223–224
- intoxication, 136
- carboxyhemoglobin, 137, 223
- cardiac arrest, 143
- cardiac arrhythmias, 207
- carotid arteries, 218, 219
- carotid hold, 219
- carpets
- accelerant residues, 132
- shoeprints on, 115
- castings
- of shoeprints, 114
- of tire tracks, 120
- cast-off blood, 102
- Caucasians, 169
- cause of death, 143
- cavitation, ultrasonic, 319
- cell growth, 198
- cell membrane, 246
- cell regeneration, 198
- center-fire, 312
- centrifuge, 94
- cerebral contusion, 143
- cerebral hypoxia
- in autoerotic asphyxia, 222
- definition of, 218
- chain of custody, 49–50
- Cheat Sheet,
- chemical and electrochemical etching, 319
- chemicals. See drugs; poisons; toxicology
- chokehold, 219
- choking, 215–216
- choline, 242
- chop wounds, 196
- Christensen, Steve, 331
- chromatograph, 133
- chromosomes, 246
- circular fractures, 205
- circumstantial evidence, 40
- civil cases, forensic psychiatry and, 54
- class characteristics, 41–42
- Claudius, Emperor, 162
- climatologist, 189
- clinical psychiatry, 54
- clothing. See also fibers
- of corpse, 149–150
- fabric impressions, 123
- identifying unknown victims, 159
- coatings of papers, 330
- cocaine, 278, 279
- cocaine screen, 271
- CODIS (Combined DNA Index System), 261
- coffin, 159
- collagen, 161
- collusion between suspects and witnesses, 35
- colon, empty, 188
- color tests, 270
- combination fractures, 201
- combination spatters, 101
- Combined DNA Index System (CODIS), 261
- comminuted fracture, 200
- comparison microscopes, 122, 123, 289, 293
- comparisons of evidence, 43
- competence, determining, 63
- compound fracture, 200
- compression fractures, 201
- compression wedge, 200
- Conan Doyle, Sir Arthur, 14
- concentric cracks, 301
- conchoidal lines, 300
- confessions, false, 61–62
- confirmatory tests
- for blood, 235
- for drugs or poisons, 269, 272
- consented search, 46
- contrecoup, 206–207
- control samples, 48–49
- contusions, 198–199
- at autopsies, 151
- black eye, 354
- strangulation, 218
- cop killers, 311
- copiers, 333
- Coppolino, Carmela, 285
- corneas, 187
- cornu, 219
- coronal scales, 292
- coroner, 24
- coroner’s case, 147
- coroner’s technicians
- definition of, 20
- duties and responsibilities of, 27–28
- corpse
- cortex of hair, 291
- coup, 206–207
- court system, 28–30
- crime labs
- common procedures, 13–14
- fire investigations, 132–135
- first, 12
- in Hollywood films, 356
- crime scene investigator, 359
- crime scenes
- assessing
- arriving at a crime scene, 34–35
- documenting the procedure, 35–36
- overview, 33–34
- preserving and processing the scene, 35–36
- primary and secondary crime scenes, 34
- in general, 33
- linking criminals and, 76
- reconstructing, 37–39
- removing a body from, 149
- scene markers, 189–190
- searching, 46–47
- staged, 39
- staging of, 71
- crime-scene investigation unit (CSIU), 10, 20
- crime-scene investigators. See also criminalists
- definition of, 20
- equipment and supplies, 15
- in general,
- criminalists (forensic investigators)
- career in, 359
- definition of, 20
- job titles for, 20–21
- crush fracture, 200
- crystal pattern mapping, 319
- CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (TV series), 21
- CSI Effect, 21
- Cunanan, Andrew, 66
- cut wounds, 195
- cuticle of hair, 292
- cutting marks, of tools, 121
- cyanide
- in general, 264
- inhalation of, 224–225
- Operation Iceman, 185
- poisoning, 283
- cyanoacrylate vapor, 90
- cytoplasm, 244, 246
D
- date-rape drugs, 281–282
- Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceutical, Inc., 31
- death
- accidental, 268
- bleeding to. See exsanguination
- brain, 142
- causes and mechanisms of, 143, 171–173
- defining, and declaring it as such, 141–145
- determining, 142–143
- manners of, 144–145, 171–173
- natural, 144, 145, 268
- reportable, 147
- time of. See time of death
- time since, estimating, 170–171
- Death Cap and Death Angel mushrooms, 283
- decay, byproducts of, 51
- deception, dealing with, 59–62
- decomposition of the human body (decay), 182–186
- defensive wounds, 151, 195, 200
- delusions, 279
- density, of glass, 299–300
- depressed skull fractures, 206
- DeSalvo, Albert, 260
- descriptors, 70
- desiccation of bones, 172
- diatoms, 130, 227
- differential thermal analysis, 304–305
- digitalis, 264
- Dillinger, John, 84
- diminished capacity, 64
- diphenylamine, 317
- diphtheria, 215
- direct evidence, 40
- directionality of blood drops, 98
- disguised writing, 326
- disorganized offenders, 70
- dissecting the body, at autopsies, 152–154
- DNA
- in cellular debris (Touch DNA), 92
- databank, 261
- double helix, 247
- genome, 249–250
- from hair, 294
- junk, 250
- overview, 245–247
- pollen and seeds, 305
- polymer, 246
- polymorphism, 250
- rape exam, 210
- repeats on particular loci of DNA, 251–252
- tracking down and preserving, 248
- types of sequences, 250–251
- uniqueness and, 247–248
- Y-STR, 258–259, 260, 348
- DNA analyst, forensic, 363
- DNA fingerprinting (DNA typing or analysis), 250
- familial DNA, 256
- Green River Killer, 254
- identifying unknown remains, 164
- lineage determined by, 256–260
- making the match, 254–255
- McCourt murder case, 258
- polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 253
- process of, 252–256
- RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism), 252–253, 255
- SNP analysis, 253–254
- STR analysis, 252–254
- touch DNA, 256
- document examination, 11
- document examiner, forensic, 11, 22, 321, 325, 329, 332, 362–363
- documentation, crime scene, 36
- documents, validity of. See also document examiner, forensic
- adding words, 328–329
- eradicating the original, 327–328
- exposing alterations, 327–329
- forgeries, 326, 331
- handwriting analysis, 322–326
- Hitler’s diaries, 348–349
- indented writing, 327
- papers and inks, 329–331
- questioned documents, 321, 323–325, 331, 332
- typewriters and photocopiers, 332–333
- dogs, tracking, 51
- domain of killers, 75
- double helix, 247
- downhill searches, 50
- driving under the influence (DUI), 275
- drownings
- drug screening, 271
- druggist’s folds, 48
- drugs. See also poisons (toxins); toxicology; specific drugs
- anabolic steroids, 282–283
- barbiturates, 278
- common, 274–283
- date-rape or rave, 281–282
- depressants, 277–278
- hallucinogens, 279–280
- hangings and, 222
- stimulants, 278–279
- dry drownings, 227
- dry labbing, 29
- Duguay, Shirley, 293
- Duncan, Isadora, 221
- dynamite, 137
E
- earwitness testimony, 61
- Ecstasy, 280, 282
- electrical conductivity, measurement of, 51
- electrocution, 207–208
- electroencephalogram (EEG), 142
- electrostatic detection apparatus (ESDA), 329
- elution, 237
- embalming, 276–277
- emergent situations, warrantless searches in, 45
- energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), 318
- energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS), 289
- entomologist, forensic, 23, 188
- entry wounds, 192–193
- environmental suffocation, 214
- epidural bleeds, 204
- epiglottis, 215
- epithelial cells, vaginal, 244
- erasures, 325
- erythrocytes, 232
- ESDA (electrostatic detection apparatus), 329
- etching, chemical and electrochemical, 319
- ethanol, 275, 277, 284
- ethylene glycol poisoning, 284
- evidence
- analyzing, 43
- associative, 41
- chain of custody, 49–50
- class and individual, 41–42
- classifying, 39–43
- collecting and preserving, 46–50
- collecting control samples, 48–49
- direct or circumstantial, 40
- gathering, 47
- impending loss of, 45
- locating, in general, 43–46
- locating a missing corpse, 50–52
- packaging, 48, 49
- physical and biological, 40
- reconstructive, 41
- searching the area, 46–47
- trace. See trace evidence
- evidence storage, 10
- exaggerations, 59
- exclusionary shoeprints, 113
- exit wounds, 192–194
- expert testimony, 28–32
- explosions, 137–138
- explosives, types of, 137–138
- exsanguination (bleeding to death), 95, 143, 192
- extender oils, 116
- extenders, in paint, 303
- extractor and ejector marks, 312
- eyes, estimating time of death, 187
- eyewitnesses, debunking, 60
F
- fabrics
- blood transfer patterns, 103, 105
- impressions, 123
- faces
- in hangings, 221
- reconstructing, 173–174
- strangulation and, 218
- false confessions, 61–62
- familial DNA, 266
- fantasies, of serial offenders, 66–67
- Fast Blue B, 280
- fatherhood, determining, 240–241
- Faulds, Henry, 81
- febrile process, rigor mortis and, 180
- Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
- General Rifling Characteristics File, 313
- taphonomy, 190
- femur, 167
- fibers
- chemical composition of, 298
- classifying, 296–297
- collecting, 297
- comparing, 297–298
- overview, 294
- field sobriety test, 275, 276
- finger pads, 79
- fingerprint examination, 11
- fingerprint examiner, 362
- fingerprints
- at autopsy, 150
- blood transfer patterns, 103
- cellular debris in, 92
- chemistry used to expose, 90–91
- classification of, 84–88
- cleaning up, 91
- in general, 248
- history of, 81–82
- lifting, 90
- locating, 88–91
- overview, 79–80
- powdering, 89–90
- residue of, 92
- Stella Nickell case, 341–342
- taking a suspect’s prints, 83
- touch DNA, 256
- types of, 88
- unknown corpses, 162
- usefulness for identification, 83, 84
- fire investigations, 132–135. See also arson
- firearms evidence. See also guns and gunshot wounds
- caliber and gauge, 311–312
- classification of guns, 308–309
- determining distance, 318
- gunshot residue (GSR), 316–318
- rifling patterns, 313
- shell casings, 312
- firearms examination, 11
- firearms examiners, forensic, 21, 308
- fires
- accelerants, 127, 131–132
- collecting samples at the scene, 131–132
- destroying a document, 327
- drawing conclusions from testing, 135
- to get rid of a body, 158
- homicidal, 135–137
- ignition devices, 130
- incendiary (intentional). See arson
- intensity at any particular location, 129
- lab analysis, 132–133
- path (route) of, 128
- point of origin, 128–129
- potential causes of, 129–130
- witnesses, 128
- fire-starters, 126
- firing pin, impression left by, 312
- FISH (Forensic Information System for Handwriting), 325
- flaccid stage of rigor mortis, 180
- flat spots, 119
- floating bodies, 187
- fluorescein, 235
- Flynn, William, 331
- food
- choking to death on, 215–216
- stomach contents, estimating time of death, 187
- foramen magnum, 205
- forensic autopsies, 25
- forensic careers, 357–363
- forensic cases, ten famous
- Anastasia Romanov, 347–348
- Georgi Markov case, 344–345
- Hendricks case, 345–346
- Hitler’s diaries, 348–349
- Jeffrey MacDonald case, 342–344
- John List case, 346–347
- Lindbergh kidnapping, 337–339
- Sacco and Vanzetti, 339–340
- Stella Nickell, 341–342
- Ted Bundy, 340–341
- Forensic Files (TV series), 21
- Forensic Information System for Handwriting (FISH), 325
- forensic investigators, 359. See also criminalists
- forensic science. See also specific types of scientists
- biological, 11–12
- definition of,
- history of, 14
- Locard Exchange Principle, 15–17
- other sciences and,
- overview, –10
- physical, 11
- placing a suspect at crime scene, 17
- services offered by, 10
- specialists, 22–23
- standardizing, 29
- forensics, definition of,
- forensics labs. See crime labs
- forensics teams
- coroner’s technician, 27–28
- court system and, 28–30
- expert testimony, 28–30
- forensic science specialists, 22–23
- medical examiner, 24–27
- overview, 19–20
- forgeries, 326, 331
- forward spatter, 103
- found body, 147
- Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, search warrants and, 44
- fractures (breaking bones)
- blunt-force trauma, 200–202
- identifying unknown victims, 171–174
- skull, 204, 205–206
- freehand simulation, 326
- friction ridges, 79–80, 89, 162
- Frye Standard, 31
- Frye v. United States, 31
- fully jacketed bullets, 311
- furrow pattern, in hangings, 221
G
- gait patterns, 113
- Galton, Sir Francis, 81, 84
- gas chromatography (GC), 133, 271, 303
- gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), 133–134, 272
- gases
- gunshot residue (GSR), 316–318
- inhalation of toxic, 214, 223–226
- gasoline, as fire accelerator, 131
- gauges, shotgun, 311
- GC (gas chromatography), 133, 271, 303
- GC/MS (gas chromatography/mass spectrometry), 133–134, 272
- General Rifling Characteristics File, 313
- genome, 249–251
- genotypes, 239–240
- geographic profiling, 75
- GHB (gamma-hydroxybutyrate), 281
- Gilbert v. California, 324
- glass, 298–302
- glove prints, 124
- glycogen, 244
- Goddard, Calvin, 12, 14
- graphologist, 323
- Green River Killer, 252, 254
- Griess test, 317
- grooves
- in fingerprints, 79
- tire tread, 116
- Gross, Hans, 14
- guns and gunshot wounds (GSWs). See also firearms evidence
- at autopsies, 151–152
- entry and exit wounds, 192–194
- found at crime scene, 39
- overview, 192
- restoring serial numbers of guns, 319
- shotgun patterns, 194
- tracking bullets, 192
- gunshot residue (GSR), 316–318
H
- hackle marks, 300
- hair
- analysis of, 291
- anatomy of, 291–292
- cortex of, 291
- cuticle of, 292
- DNA, 294
- dyed, 293
- John Vollman case, 295
- matching criminal to, 292–293
- medulla of, 292
- mitochondrial DNA in, 259–260, 295
- source of, 291, 294
- toxins in, 267, 274
- hallucinations, 279, 280
- hallucinogens, 279–280
- hand guard, 196
- handedness, 167
- handguns. See also firearms evidence; guns and gunshot wounds
- class and individual characteristics, 41–42
- definition of, 308
- handprints, 81
- hands, rape exam, 210
- handwriting analysis, 322–325
- handwriting examiner, 323
- handwriting style, 322–324
- hangings, 221–222
- haptoglobin, 241
- Hare, William, 217
- Hauptmann, Bruno Richard, 338–339
- head, blunt-force trauma to, 204–207
- headspace vapor extraction, 132
- headstamps, 312
- heavy metals, poisoning, 284
- height, estimating, 166
- Helmer, Richard, 175
- Helpern, Milton, 285
- hematoma, 198, 200
- Hendricks, David, 345–346
- Henry, Sir Edward, 81, 86
- Henry System, 86
- heroin, testing for, 277–278
- Herschel, Sir William, 81
- hesitation wounds, 152
- high-risk victims, 74
- high-velocity spatters, 103
- hip replacement surgery, 162
- Hitler’s diaries, 348–349
- HLA (human leukocyte antigen), 241
- Hofmann, Mark, 331
- Hollywood films, forensic mistakes in
- the bleeding corpse, 352–353
- the disappearing black eye, 354
- the exact time of death, 353
- the fast-acting poison, 354
- the high-tech lab, 356
- the instant athlete, 355–356
- the one-punch knockout, 353–354
- the pretty death, 352
- the quick death, 351–352
- the untraceable poison, 355
- Holmes, Reginald, 161
- homicidal choking, 215
- homicidal fires, 135–137
- homicidal incised wounds, 195
- homicidal poisonings, 267
- homicidal smothering, 215
- homicides
- definition of, 144
- ligature strangulation, 220
- rape-homicides, 212
- huffing, 282
- human leukocyte antigen (HLA), 241
- humerus, 167
- hydrogen sulfide, 226
- hyoid bone, 219
- hypnosis, 58–59, 61
- hypocalcination, 203
I
- icons used in this book, –3
- identification of evidence, 43
- identifying unknown victims
- artifacts, 159
- bones and skeletons, 164–173
- cause and manner of death, 171–173
- DNA analysis, 164
- fingerprints, 162
- individual characteristics, 169–170
- mass graves, 174
- overview, 158–159
- reconstructing faces, 173–174
- scars, birthmarks, and tattoos, 160
- teeth, 163
- time since death, 170–171
- wounds or diseases, 160–163
- igniters, fire, 128, 130, 137
- ignition devices, 130
- imbricate scales, 292
- immunoassays, 270
- immunological reactions, antigen-antibody, 236
- impact angle of blood drops, 98
- impact spatters, 101
- impression evidence, 42
- incendiary fires. See arson
- incised wounds, 195
- inconclusive shoeprints, 115
- indentation marks, of tools, 120–121
- indented writing, 11, 329
- individual characteristics, 41–42
- infrared photography, gunshot residue (GSR), 317
- infrared spectrophotometry (IR), 134, 290
- infrared spectroscopy, 272
- inhalation of toxic gases, 214, 223–226
- initiating explosives, 138
- injuries at autopsy, 151–152. See also wounds
- Ink Library, 332
- inks, identifying, 330–332
- insanity, 63–64
- insects, 188–189, 267
- insulin, overdoses of, 284
- insurance fraud, 39, 126
- Integrated Bullet Identification System (IBIS), 316
- intelligence quotient (IQ), 58
- intelligence tests, 58
- interference holography, 115
- interrogation tactics, false confessions and, 62
- intestines, putrefaction and, 183
- intracerebral bleeds, 143, 204
- investigator, forensic, 359. See also criminalists
- iodine fuming, 91
- isoenzymes, 238
J
- jaw bone (mandible), 167
- Jeffreys, Sir Alec, 248
- Jennings, Thomas, 82
- Jones, Jim, 225
- The Journal of Police Science and Administration, 82
- junk DNA, 250
- junk science, 31
K
- Karow, Juliette, 285
- Kastle-Meyer Color Test, 234
- Kennard, Karl, 163
- kerosene, as fire accelerator, 131
- ketamine, 281, 282
- Kirk, Paul, 105
- Koehler, Arthur, 338
- Kuklinski, Richard, 185
L
- lacerations
- at autopsies, 151
- from blunt-force trauma, 200
- Landsteiner, Karl, 14
- larvae (maggots), 188, 189
- laryngeal spasm, 227
- latent bloodstains, 105–106
- latent print examiners, definition of, 20
- latent prints
- Lattes, Leone, 14
- law enforcement, integrating science into, –9
- lawful arrest, warrantless searches, 46
- LD50 of a drug, 273
- lead alloy bullets, 311
- lead bullets, 310
- lead poisoning, 284
- leathers, impressions left by, 123
- legs, bones of, 166
- length polymorphism, 250
- lethal level of a drug, 273
- leucocytes, 232
- leucomalachite green (LMG), 234
- Lichtenberg, Georg Christoph, 209
- Lichtenberg figures, 209
- lifting fingerprints, 90
- ligature strangulation, 220–221
- lightning, 209
- Lindbergh kidnapping, 337–339
- linkage, 43
- linoleum flooring, accelerant residues, 132
- List, John, 346–347
- liver
- contusions, 198
- drugs (toxins) in, 267
- lividity, 181–182, 222
- livor mortis, 181
- LMG (leucomalachite green), 234
- Locard, Edmond, 15–16
- Locard Exchange Principle, 16, 35, 288
- long bones (legs and arms), 166–167
- loops, 84, 85
- Los Angeles Police Department, 12, 87
- low-risk victims, 74
- low-velocity spatters, 101–102
- LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), 280
- lugs, tire tread, 116
- luminol, 106, 235
- Luster, Andrew, 281
- lycopodium powder, 327
- lying, 59–60
M
- McCourt, Helen, 288
- MacDonald, Jeffrey, 233, 342–344
- machine pistols, definition of, 309
- McNaughten rule, 64
- Mad Bomber, 69
- maggots, 188, 189
- magnaflux, 319
- malingering, 60
- Malpighi, Marcello, 81, 84
- mandible (jaw bone), 167
- manner of death, medical examiner and, 27
- manual strangulation, 218–219
- manufactured fibers, 296
- Marathon Man (movie), 356
- marijuana, 279–280
- marijuana and cocaine screen, 271
- Markov, Georgi, 344–345
- Marquis test, 277
- Masgay, Louis, 185
- mass graves, 174
- mass murderers, 65
- mass spectrometry (MS), 272
- mass spectroscopy (MS), 133–134
- masturbation, autoerotic asphyxia and, 222
- mechanical asphyxia, 216–217
- mechanism of death, 143
- medical autopsy, 146
- medical examiner (ME), 24–28, 135
- medical examiner system, 24
- medium-risk victims, 74
- medium-velocity spatters, 102–103
- medulla of hair, 292
- medullary index, 292
- Mengele, Josef, 175
- mental retardation, 63
- mercury, 264, 284
- mescaline, 280
- metabolism, 265
- metabolites, 265
- metal detectors, 52
- metallic elements, poisoning, 284
- Metesky, George, 69
- methane (sewer gas), 217, 223, 226
- micro expressions, 60
- microgrooving, 313
- microscopes
- microscopic examination, for semen, 242
- microspectrophotometry, 289, 297, 330
- Mikrosil Casting Kit, 90
- mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), 169, 259–260, 295
- mixed offenders, 70
- modifiers, in paint, 303
- modus operandi (MO), 68, 72–74
- Mongoloids, 169
- monomers, 246
- Moran, George “Bugs,” 13
- Mormon forgeries, 331
- morphine, 277–278
- mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA), 169, 259–260, 295
- multiple murderers, 65
- mummified bodies
- estimating time of death, 186
- fingerprints obtained from, 162
- murderers
- mushrooms
- hallucinogens, 280
- poisoning, 283
N
- NAA (neutron activation analysis), 290, 294, 295
- napthalene, 282
- narcotic screen, 271
- narcotic sedatives, 277
- National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime (NCAVC), 69, 76
- National DNA Index System (NDIS), 261
- National Integrated Ballistics Information Network (NIBIN), 316
- natural causes of death, 26
- natural deaths, 144, 145, 268
- natural fibers, 296
- natural opiates, 277
- NCAVC (National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime), 69, 76
- NDIS (National DNA Index System), 261
- neck injuries, in strangulation, 219
- neck markings, in hangings, 221
- Negroids, 168
- nervousness, signs of, 56
- Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP), 60
- neutron activation analysis (NAA), 290, 294, 295
- Nickell, Stella, 341–342
- Nielson, Burt, 315
- Night Stalker case, 87
- ninhydrin (triketohydrindene hydrate), 91
- nitrogen level in bones, 170
- NLP (Neuro-Linguistic Programming), 60
- noise treatment, tires, 118
- noninitiating explosives, 138
- nonrequested standards (nonrequested samples), 323
- Norkin, Reuben, 163
- normal level of a drug, 273
- note taker, at crime scene, 36–37
O
- odontologist, forensic, definition of, 23
- offender profiling, 68
- Omnibus Crime Code for Insanity, 64
- Operation Iceman, 185
- opiates, 277–278
- opisthotonos, 283
- organized offenders, 70
- Osborn, Albert, 14
- osteoblasts, 201
- overwriting, 328
- oxalic acid poisoning, 284
P
- packaging the evidence, 48, 49
- paints, 302–304
- papers and inks, 329–332
- passive bloodstains, 96–98
- patent prints
- paternity testing
- blood type and, 239–241
- DNA, 256–257
- pathologist, forensic, 22, 24, 145–146, 360
- pathology, 22
- pathology technician, forensic, 360–361
- PCP (phencyclidine), 280
- Peacock, Linda, 203
- pelvis
- determining sex, 167
- identifying an unknown corpse, 166
- penetrating injuries, 195–196
- Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS), 244
- personality inventories, 57
- Perugia, Vicenzo, 83
- petechial hemorrhages, 218
- PETN (cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine), 138
- pets, hair of, 294
- peyote, 280
- phencyclidine (PCP or angel dust), 280
- phenolphthalein, 234
- phenotypes, 239
- phosphoglucomutase (PGM), 238
- photography
- aerial, 51
- of body, during autopsy, 149
- comparing photographs, 174–175
- crime scene, 37
- skull-to-photo superimposition, 173
- photography unit, 10
- physical evidence, in general, 40
- pigments, in paint, 303
- pistols
- machine, 309
- semiautomatic, 308
- Pitchfork, Colin, 248
- plants, 304–305
- plasma, 94, 232
- plastic prints
- fingerprints, 88
- shoeprints, 111–112, 114
- tire tracks, 116
- platelets, 232
- point of convergence, of bloodstains, 99
- point of origin, of bloodstains, 99
- poisons (toxins). See also drugs
- accidental poisonings, 268
- acute or chronic poisonings, 274
- collecting samples, 266–267
- common poisons, 283–285
- concentration of, 272–273
- definition of, 264
- degree of toxicity of, 263–264
- fast-acting poison, 354–355
- finding, 265–269
- homicidal poisonings, 269
- metals as, 266
- route of entry of, 272
- suicide, 269
- untraceable, 355
- polarized light fiber analysis, 298
- polarized light microscope, 289
- Polifrone, Dominick, 185
- pollen, 305
- polymer, DNA, 246
- polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 252
- polymorphism, 250
- posterior ramus, 167
- postmortem hypostasis, 181
- powdering fingerprints, 89–90
- presumptive tests
- for blood, 234
- for drugs or poisons, 270
- for semen, 241, 242
- Price, David, 154
- primary crime scene, 34
- probable cause, 44
- profiler, 68
- profiling
- geographic, 75
- the perpetrator
- assessing the perpetrator’s psyche, 70–71
- distinguishing MO from signature, 72–73
- domain of killers, 75
- overview, 68–69
- taking trophies and souvenirs, 72
- victimology, 74
- projected blood spatters
- classification of, 100–101
- in general, 96
- high-velocity, 103
- low-velocity, 101–102
- medium-velocity, 102–103
- source and location of the blood, 98–100
- void patterns, 100
- projective drawing, 57
- projective testing, 57
- prostate-specific antigen (PSA), 241, 242
- psilocin and psilocybin, 280
- psychiatrist, forensic, definition of, 23
- psychiatry, forensic
- assessing competence and sanity, 62–64
- clinical psychiatry differentiated from, 54
- deception and, 59–62
- false confessions, 61–62
- how the mind matters in, 55
- multiple murderers, 65
- profiling the perpetrator. See profiling, the perpetrator
- role of psychiatric professionals, 53–54
- serial offenders, 64–67
- Psycho (film), 195
- psychological autopsy, 74
- psychopaths, 65
- P30 immunodiffusion test, 211
- pubic hair, rape exam, 211
- pugilistic position, 136
- pulmonary edema, 226, 278
- pupae, 188, 189
- Purkinje, Johannes, 81
- putrefaction, 183, 233
- pyrolysis gas chromatography, 303
Q
- questioned documents, 321, 323–325, 332, 333
- quicklime, to get rid of a body, 158
R
- race, hair and, 294
- radial cracks, 301
- radial loops, 85
- radioactive isotopes, 171
- radius, 167
- Ramirez, Richard, 87
- rape
- overview, 210–212
- requirements for charge of, 210
- secretor status, 243
- serial rapists, 66
- timing, 242–243
- vaginal fluid, 244
- rape exam, 210, 241, 261
- rape kits, 241
- rape-homicides, 212
- Rapid Stain Identification of Human Blood (RSID) test, 235
- rave drugs, 281–282
- RBCs (red blood cells), 232, 237
- RDX (pentaerythritrol tetranitrate), 138
- reconstructing the crime scene, 37–39
- reconstructive evidence, 41
- red blood cells (RBCs), 232, 237
- reflected light, 300
- reflective index, 298
- refracted light, 300
- refractive index, 298
- remodeling, 198
- reportable death, 147
- requested standard, 323
- restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), 252, 254
- Revere, Paul, 163
- revolvers, definition of, 308
- RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism), 252, 254
- ribs, identifying an unknown corpse, 166
- ridges
- Ridgway, Gary, 254
- rifles, definition of, 309
- rifling patterns, 312–316
- rigid stage of rigor mortis, 180
- rigor mortis, 180
- rim-fire, 312
- Rohypnol, 281, 282
- Rorschach test, 57
- rotational fractures, 201
- Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 293
- RSID (Rapid Stain Identification of Human Blood) test, 235
- Rule 702 of the Federal Rules of evidence, 31
- Ryan, Leo, 215
S
- Sacco and Vanzetti, 339–340
- St. Valentine’s Day Massacre, 12
- saliva, 243–244
- sanity, 62–64
- scab formation, 197–198
- scanning electron microscope (SEM), 289–290, 298, 318
- scars, 160
- scene markers, 189–190
- Scheele, Karl Wilhelm, 265
- sciatic notch, 167
- scrapes, 197–198
- screening, toxicological, 270–271
- search warrants, 44–45
- searches, consented, 46
- secondary crime scene, 34
- secretors, 243
- security log, 36
- seeds, 305
- semen, 211, 241–243
- semiautomatic pistols, 308
- semijacketed bullets, 311
- sepsis
- definition of, 143
- putrefaction and, 184
- rigor mortis and, 180
- serial killers, 65–67
- serial numbers of guns, restoring, 319
- serial offenders
- linking to crime scenes, 76
- overview, 64–67
- serologist, 23
- serology. See also blood
- definition of, 231
- overview, 231–232
- semen, 241–243
- serum, 94, 232
- sewer gas (methane), 223, 226
- sex, determining from skeletal remains, 167–168
- sexual intercourse, timing, 242–243
- sexual offenders, 67
- sexually sadistic serial killers, 67
- Shark Arm Murder, 161
- sharp-force injuries, 195–196
- Sheets, Kathy, 331
- shell casings, 312
- Sheppard, Sam, 104
- Sherlock Holmes, 14
- shoeprints
- blood transfer patterns, 103
- characterizing and using, 111
- collecting shoe impressions, 113–114
- comparing, 115
- exclusionary, 113
- figuring out gait patterns, 113
- multiple, 111
- overview, 110–111
- points of entry and exit at a crime scene, 110
- several crimes linked by, 110
- wear patterns, 111–113
- Short Tandem Repeats (STRs), 250–254
- shot, gauge of, 311
- shotgun patterns, 194
- shotgun pellets, 311–312
- shotguns
- definition of, 309
- gauges of, 311–312
- signature, distinguishing MO from, 72–74
- silencers, gun, 314
- silica, 130
- silver nitrate, 91
- Simms, Ian, 258
- simple fracture, 200
- single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs), 250, 252–254
- single-transverse fracture, 200
- sipes, tire tread, 117
- skeletons (skeletal remains). See also bones
- cause and manner of death, 171–173
- identifying unknown victims, 164–169
- race, 168–169
- sex, 167–168
- stature, 166–167
- time since death, 170–171
- sketches, crime scene, 37
- skin
- abrasions and scrapes, 197–198
- facial reconstruction and thickness of, 173
- lacerations, 200
- putrefaction and, 183
- skull
- determining sex, 167
- facial reconstruction, 173
- identifying an unknown corpse, 165–166
- skull fractures, 204, 205–206
- skull-to-photo superimposition, 173
- sliding marks, of tools, 121
- slots, tire tread, 117
- small intestine, empty, 188
- Smith, Debbie, 261
- Smith, James, 161
- smoke detectors, 129
- smoke inhalation, 135
- smothering, 215
- sniffing volatile chemicals, 282
- Snowball (cat), 295
- Snowprint Wax, 115
- SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphism), 250, 252–254
- sobriety test, 275, 276
- sociopaths, 65
- sodium pentothal, 59
- soils, 304–305
- solvent extraction, 132
- souvenirs, taking, 72
- spalling, 129
- spectrophotometer, 276
- sperm, 211
- spermine, 242
- spinous scales, 292
- spiral fracture, 201
- spleen, contusions, 199
- spontaneous combustion, 130
- spree killers, 65
- stab wounds, 151–152, 195
- staging of a crime scene, 39, 71
- stance (track width), of tires, 118
- standards (writing samples), 323–324
- stature, estimating, 166–167
- steam distillation, 133
- stellate fractures, 206
- stereomicroscope, 290
- steroids, 282–283
- stimulants, 278–279
- stomach
- estimating time of death and contents of, 187
- putrefaction and, 183
- toxins in contents of, 267
- strangulation
- common threads in, 218
- definition of, 214
- ligature, 220–221
- manual, 218–220
- overview, 218
- Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward, 29
- striations, bullet, 314, 315
- STRs (Short Tandem Repeats), 250–254
- strychnine poisoning, 283
- subdural bleeds, 204
- succinyl choline, 285
- suffocating gases, 216–217
- suffocation. See also asphyxia
- by “Burking,” 217
- fire-related deaths, 136
- in general, 214
- suicidal wounds, 195
- suicide
- definition of, 144
- drugs (poisonings), 269
- forensic psychiatry and, 55
- hesitation wounds, 152
- by ligature strangulation, 220–221
- smothering, 215
- Sullivan, Mary, 260
- Super Glue, 90
- suture lines, 166
- symphysis, 166
- synthetic fibers, 297
T
- tachyphylaxis, 278
- taphonomy, 170, 190
- tattoos, 160
- teeth
- bite marks, 202–203
- identifying unknown victims, 162, 165
- television shows, 21
- temperature
- ambient
- estimating time of death, 178–179
- lividity and, 181–182
- putrefaction and, 183
- rigor mortis and, 180
- body, estimating time of death, 178–179
- terminal velocity, of blood drops, 97
- terrain, variations in, 50
- terrorism, arson, 126
- testimony. See also witnesses
- earwitness, 61
- expert, 28–32
- standards of acceptance, 31
- tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 279–280
- tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), 234
- THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), 279–280
- Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), 57
- therapeutic level of a drug, 273
- thermal imaging, 51
- thin-layer chromatography (TLC), 270, 330
- three-dimensional impressions, tire tracks, 120
- Throckmorton, George J., 331
- through-and-through gunshot wound, 193
- thyroid cartilage, 219
- tile adhesives, accelerant residues, 132
- time of death
- autopsies, 150
- defining, 178
- estimating
- adipocere formation, 186
- autopsies, 150
- body temperature, 178–179
- cadaveric spasm, 181
- decomposition, 182–184
- examining the body, 178–187
- insects and, 188–189
- lividity, 181–182
- mummification, 186
- rigor mortis, 179–181
- scene markers, 189–190
- stomach contents, 187–188
- time since death, 170–171
- water, bodies found in, 187
- tires
- analyzing tire-track evidence, 117–119
- manufacturer, 117–119
- matching track to car, 119
- obtaining tire impressions, 119–120
- overview, 116–117
- TLC (thin-layer chromatography), 270, 330
- TMB (tetramethylbenzidine), 234
- TNT (trinitrotoluene), 138
- toluene, 282
- tool marks, 120–123
- tool-mark examiners, 21
- touch DNA, 92, 256
- toxic level of a drug, 273
- toxicologist, forensic, 23, 264–265, 361–362
- toxicology. See also drugs; poisons
- cause and manner of death, 268–269
- definition of, 254–265
- dissection at autopsies, 155
- interpreting the results of tests, 272–274
- testing procedures, 269–274
- toxins. See poisons
- trace evidence
- analysis of, 288–290
- on automobiles, 115
- on body during autopsy, 150–151
- chemical makeup of, 290, 300
- definition of, 287–288
- fibers, 296–298
- in general, 11
- glass, 298–302
- hair, 291–295
- overview, 287–288
- paints, 303
- reading, 17
- searching a crime scene for, 47
- trace evidence examiner, 22
- tracing, 326
- track width (stance), of tires, 118
- tracking dogs, 51
- transfer patterns, 103
- transmitted light, 300
- transverse grooves, tire tread, 117
- trichloroethylene, 282
- trophies, taking, 72
- truth, court system and, 30
- truth serum, 59
- turning radius, vehicle, 118
- Twain, Mark, 14
- two-dimensional impressions, tire tracks, 119–120
- typewriters, 332–333
U
- ulnar loops, 85
- ultrasonic cavitation, 319
- ultraviolet (UV) light, 171
- ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, 271
- United States v. Mara, 324
- unknown subjects (unsubs), 68
- unknown victims, identifying. See identifying unknown victims
- urine, toxins in, 266–267
V
- V pattern, point of origin of fire, 129
- vaginal fluid, 244
- Van Urk Color Test, 280
- Van Urk’s reagent, 280
- vapor concentration, 133
- Vapor Trace Analyzer (VTA), 131
- Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTRs), 250
- vegetation, changes in, 51
- velocity, classifying blood spatters by, 100
- victimology, 74
- Violent Criminal Apprehension Program (VICAP), 76
- vitae dubiae asylums, 142
- vitreous humor, 187, 267
- VNTRs (Variable Number Tandem Repeats), 250
- void patterns, 100
- volatile chemicals, inhaling, 282
- Vollman, John, 295
- Vucetich, Juan, 81
W
- waiting mortuaries (vitae dubiae asylums), 142
- walk-through examination, 36
- Walther PPK, 315
- warrantless searches, 45–46
- warrants, search, 44–46
- Warren, Joseph, 163
- water, bodies found in, 186–187
- water intoxication, 264
- watermark, 330
- wear bars (wear indicators), tire, 117
- wear patterns
- shoeprints, 111–113
- vehicle, 119
- weather conditions, estimating time of death and, 189. See also temperature, ambient
- Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), 58
- Welcker, Herman, 82
- West, Will and William, 82
- What is it about this victim, 68
- wheelbase, 118
- whorls, 84, 86
- William the Conqueror, 162
- Williams, Wayne, 42
- witnesses. See also eyewitnesses; testimony
- collusion between suspects and, 35
- fire scene, 128
- work, missed, 189
- wounds. See also blunt-force trauma; guns and gun evidence
- defensive, 152, 200
- hesitation, 152
- in unknown corpse, 160–162
X
- X-ray diffraction, 290
- X-rays
- bullets, 192
- dental, 162
- energy dispersive (EDX), 318
Y
- Y-shaped incision, 153
- Y-STR DNA, 258–260, 348
Z
- zinc coatings, on locks, 123
- Zugibe, Frederick, 185
- zygote, 259
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