This appendix lists the names and typical applications of common engineering materials, together with data for their properties.
Metals | Applications | |
---|---|---|
Ferrous | Cast irons | Automotive parts, engine blocks, machine tool structural parts, lathe beds |
High carbon steels | Cutting tools, springs, bearings, cranks, shafts, railway track | |
Medium carbon steels | General mechanical engineering (tools, bearings, gears, shafts, bearings) | |
Low carbon steels | Steel structures (‘mild steel’)—bridges, oil rigs, ships; reinforcement for concrete; automotive parts, car body panels; galvanised sheet; packaging (cans, drums) | |
Low alloy steels | Springs, tools, ball bearings, automotive parts (gears, connecting rods, etc.) | |
Stainless steels | Transport, chemical and food processing plant, nuclear plant, domestic ware (cutlery, washing machines, stoves), surgical implements, pipes, pressure vessels, liquid gas containers | |
Nonferrous | Aluminum alloys | |
Casting alloys | Automotive parts (cylinder blocks), domestic appliances (irons) | |
Nonheat-treatable alloys | Electrical conductors, heat exchangers, foil, tubes, saucepans, beverage cans, lightweight ships, architectural panels | |
Heat-treatable alloys | Aerospace engineering, automotive bodies and panels, lightweight structures and ships | |
Copper alloys | Electrical conductors and wire, electronic circuit boards, heat exchangers, boilers, cookware, coinage, sculptures | |
Lead alloys | Roof and wall cladding, solder, X-ray shielding, battery electrodes | |
Magnesium alloys | Automotive castings, wheels, general lightweight castings for transport, nuclear fuel containers; principal alloying addition to aluminum alloys | |
Nickel alloys | Gas turbines and jet engines, thermocouples, coinage; alloying addition to austenitic stainless steels | |
Titanium alloys | Aircraft turbine blades; general structural aerospace applications; biomedical implants | |
Zinc alloys | Die castings (automotive, domestic appliances, toys, handles); coating on galvanised steel |
Polymers | Abbreviation | Applications | |
---|---|---|---|
Elastomer | Butyl rubber | Tires, seals, anti-vibration mountings, electrical insulation, tubing | |
Ethylene-vinyl-acetate | EVA | Bags, films, packaging, gloves, insulation, running shoes | |
Isoprene | IR | Tires, inner tubes, insulation, tubing, shoes | |
Natural rubber | NR | Gloves, tires, electrical insulation, tubing | |
Polychloroprene (neoprene) | CR | Wetsuits, O-rings and seals, footwear | |
Polyurethane elastomers | el-PU | Packaging, hoses, adhesives, fabric coating | |
Silicone elastomers | Electrical insulation, electronic encapsulation, medical implants | ||
Thermoplastic | Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene | ABS | Communication appliances, automotive interiors, luggage, toys, boats |
Cellulose polymers | CA | Tool and cutlery handles, decorative trim, pens | |
Ionomer | I | Packaging, golf balls, blister packs, bottles | |
Polyamides (nylons) | PA | Gears, bearings, plumbing, packaging, bottles, fabrics, textiles, ropes | |
Polycarbonate | PC | Safety goggles, shields, helmets, light fittings, medical components | |
Polyetheretherketone | PEEK | Electrical connectors, racing car parts, fibre composites | |
Polyethylene | PE | Packaging, bags, squeeze tubes, toys, artificial joints | |
Polyethylene terephthalate | PET | Blow moulded bottles, film, audio/video tape, sails | |
Polymethyl methacrylate (acrylic) | PMMA | Aircraft windows, lenses, reflectors, lights, compact discs | |
Polyoxymethylene (acetal) | POM | Zips, domestic and appliance parts, handles | |
Polypropylene | PP | Ropes, garden furniture, pipes, kettles, electrical insulation, Astroturf | |
Polystyrene | PS | Toys, packaging, cutlery, audio cassette/CD cases | |
Polyurethane thermoplastics | tp-PU | Cushioning, seating, shoe soles, hoses, car bumpers, insulation | |
Polyvinylchloride | PVC | Pipes, gutters, window frames, packaging | |
Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) | PTFE | Nonstick coatings, bearings, skis, electrical insulation, tape | |
Thermoset | Epoxies | EP | Adhesives, fibre composites, electronic encapsulation |
Phenolics | PHEN | Electrical plugs, sockets, cookware, handles, adhesives | |
Polyester | PEST | Furniture, boats, sports goods | |
Polymer foams | Flexible polymer foam | Packaging, buoyancy, cushioning, sponges, sleeping mats | |
Rigid polymer foam | Thermal insulation, sandwich panels, packaging, buoyancy |
Composites | Applications | |
---|---|---|
Metal | Aluminum/silicon carbide | Automotive parts, sports goods |
Polymer | CFRP | Lightweight structural parts (aerospace, bike frames, sports goods, boat hulls and oars, springs) |
GFRP | Boat hulls, automotive parts, chemical plant | |
Ceramics | ||
Glasses | Borosilicate glass | Ovenware, laboratory ware, headlights |
Glass ceramic | Cookware, lasers, telescope mirrors | |
Silica glass | High performance windows, crucibles, high-temperature applications | |
Soda-lime glass | Windows, bottles, tubing, light bulbs, pottery glazes | |
Porous | Brick | Buildings |
Concrete | General civil engineering construction | |
Stone | Buildings, architecture, sculpture | |
Technical | Alumina | Cutting tools, spark plugs, microcircuit substrates, valves |
Aluminum nitride | Microcircuit substrates and heat sinks | |
Boron carbide | Lightweight armour, nozzles, dies, precision tool parts | |
Silicon | Microcircuits, semiconductors, precision instruments, IR windows, MEMS | |
Silicon carbide | High-temperature equipment, abrasive polishing grits, bearings, armour | |
Silicon nitride | Bearings, cutting tools, dies, engine parts | |
Tung, sten carbide | Cutting, tools, drills, abrasives | |
Natural | ||
Bamboo | Building, scaffolding, paper, ropes, baskets, furniture | |
Cork | Corks and bungs, seals, floats, packaging, flooring | |
Leather | Shoes, clothing, bags, drive-belts | |
Wood | Construction, flooring, doors, furniture, packaging, sports goods |
Tm or Tg (oC) | ||
---|---|---|
Metals | ||
Ferrous | Cast irons | 1130–1250 |
High carbon steels | 1289–1478 | |
Medium carbon steels | 1380–1514 | |
Low carbon steels | 1480–1526 | |
Low alloy steels | 1382–1529 | |
Stainless steels | 1375–1450 | |
Nonferrous | Aluminum alloys | 475–677 |
Copper alloys | 982–1082 | |
Lead alloys | 322–328 | |
Magnesium alloys | 447–649 | |
Nickel alloys | 1435–1466 | |
Titanium alloys | 1477–1682 | |
Zinc alloys | 375–492 | |
Ceramics | ||
Glasses | Borosilicate glass* | 450–602 |
Glass ceramic* | 563–1647 | |
Silica glass* | 957–1557 | |
Soda-lime glass* | 442–592 | |
Porous | Brick | 927–1227 |
Concrete, typical | 927–1227 | |
Stone | 1227–1427 | |
Technical | Alumina | 2004–2096 |
Aluminum nitride | 2397–2507 | |
Boron carbide | 2372–2507 | |
Silicon | 1407–1412 | |
Silicon carbide | 2152–2500 | |
Silicon nitride | 2388–2496 | |
Tungsten carbide | 2827–2920 | |
Composites | Aluminum/silicon carbide | 525–627 |
Metal | CFRP | n/a |
Polymer | GFRP | n/a |
Natural | Bamboo* | 77–102 |
Cork* | 77–102 | |
Leather* | 107–127 | |
Wood, typical (longitudinal)* | 77–102 | |
Wood, typical (transverse)* | 77–102 | |
Polymers | ||
Elastomer | Butyl rubber* | −73–−63 |
EVA* | −73–−23 | |
Isoprene (IR)* | −83–−78 | |
Natural rubber (NR)* | −78–−63 | |
Neoprene (CR)* | −48–−43 | |
Polyurethane elastomers (elPU)* | −73–−23 | |
Silicone elastomers* | −123–−73 | |
Thermoplastic | ABS* | 88–128 |
Cellulose polymers (CA)* | −9–107 | |
Ionomer (I)* | 27–77 | |
Nylons (PA)* | 44–56 | |
Polycarbonate (PC)* | 142–205 | |
PEEK* | 143–199 | |
Polyethylene (PE)* | −25–−15 | |
PET* | 68–80 | |
Acrylic (PMMA)* | 85–165 | |
Acetal (POM)* | −18–−8 | |
Polypropylene (PP)* | −25–−15 | |
Polystyrene (PS)* | 74–110 | |
Polyurethane thermoplastics (tpPU)* | 120–160 | |
PVC | 75–105 | |
Teflon (PTFE) | 107–123 | |
Thermoset | Epoxies | n/a |
Phenolics | n/a | |
Polyester | n/a | |
Polymer Foams | ||
Flexible polymer foam (VLD)* | 112–177 | |
Flexible polymer foam (LD)* | 112–177 | |
Flexible polymer foam (MD)* | 112–177 | |
Rigid polymer foam (LD)* | 67–171 | |
Rigid polymer foam (MD)* | 67–157 | |
Rigid polymer foam (HD)* | 67–171 |
1. The table lists the melting point for crystalline solids and the glass temperature for polymeric and inorganic glasses.
(*) Glass transition temperature.
n/a: not applicable (materials decompose, rather than melt).
ρ(Mg/m3) | ||
---|---|---|
Metals | ||
Ferrous | Cast irons | 7.05–7.25 |
High carbon steels | 7.8–7.9 | |
Medium carbon steels | 7.8–7.9 | |
Low carbon steels | 7.8–7.9 | |
Low alloy steels | 7.8–7.9 | |
Stainless steels | 7.6–8.1 | |
Nonferrous | Aluminum alloys | 2.5–2.9 |
Copper alloys | 8.93–8.94 | |
Lead alloys | 10–11.4 | |
Magnesium alloys | 1.74–1.95 | |
Nickel alloys | 8.83–8.95 | |
Titanium alloys | 4.4–4.8 | |
Zinc alloys | 4.95–7 | |
Ceramics | ||
Glasses | Borosilicate glass | 2.2–2.3 |
Glass ceramic | 2.2–2.8 | |
Silica glass | 2.17–2.22 | |
Soda-lime glass | 2.44–2.49 | |
Porous | Brick | 1.9–2.1 |
Concrete, typical | 2.2–2.6 | |
Stone | 2.5–3 | |
Technical | Alumina | 3.5–3.98 |
Aluminum nitride | 3.26–3.33 | |
Boron carbide | 2.35–2.55 | |
Silicon | 2.3–2.35 | |
Silicon carbide | 3–3.21 | |
Silicon nitride | 3–3.29 | |
Tungsten carbide | 15.3–15.9 | |
Composites | ||
Metal | Aluminum/silicon carbide | 2.66–2.9 |
Polymer | CFRP | 1.5–1.6 |
GFRP | 1.75–1.97 | |
Natural | ||
Bamboo | 0.6–0.8 | |
Cork | 0.12–0.24 | |
Leather | 0.81–1.05 | |
Wood, typical (longitudinal) | 0.6–0.8 | |
Wood, typical (transverse) | 0.6–0.8 | |
Polymers | ||
Elastomer | Butyl rubber | 0.9–0.92 |
EVA | 0.95–0.96 | |
Isoprene (IR) | 0.93–0.94 | |
Natural rubber (NR) | 0.92–0.93 | |
Neoprene (CR) | 1.23–1.25 | |
Polyurethane elastomers (elPU) | 1.02–1.25 | |
Silicone elastomers | 1.3–1.8 | |
Thermoplastic | ABS | 1.01–1.21 |
Cellulose polymers (CA) | 0.98–1.3 | |
Ionomer (I) | 0.93–0.96 | |
Nylons (PA) | 1.12–1.14 | |
Polycarbonate (PC) | 1.14–1.21 | |
PEEK | 1.3–1.32 | |
Polyethylene (PE) | 0.94–0.96 | |
PET | 1.29–1.4 | |
Acrylic (PMMA) | 1.16–1.22 | |
Acetal (POM) | 1.39–1.43 | |
Polypropylene (PP) | 0.89–0.91 | |
Polystyrene (PS) | 1.04–1.05 | |
Polyurethane thermoplastics (tpPU) | 1.12–1.24 | |
PVC | 1.3–1.58 | |
Teflon (PTFE) | 2.14–2.2 | |
Thermoset | Epoxies | 1.11–1.4 |
Phenolics | 1.24–1.32 | |
Polyester | 1.04–1.4 | |
Polymer foams | ||
Flexible polymer foam (VLD) | 0.016–0.035 | |
Flexible polymer foam (LD) | 0.038–0.07 | |
Flexible polymer foam (MD) | 0.07–0.115 | |
Rigid polymer foam (LD) | 0.036–0.07 | |
Rigid polymer foam (MD) | 0.078–0.165 | |
Rigid polymer foam (HD) | 0.17–0.47 |
E(GPa) | ||
---|---|---|
Metals | ||
Ferrous | Cast irons | 165–180 |
High carbon steels | 200–215 | |
Medium carbon steels | 200–216 | |
Low carbon steels | 200–215 | |
Low alloy steels | 201–217 | |
Stainless steels | 189–210 | |
Nonferrous | Aluminum alloys | 68–82 |
Copper alloys | 112–148 | |
Lead alloys | 12.5–15 | |
Magnesium alloys | 42–47 | |
Nickel alloys | 190–220 | |
Titanium alloys | 90–120 | |
Zinc alloys | 68–95 | |
Ceramics | ||
Glasses | Borosilicate glass | 61–64 |
Glass ceramic | 64–110 | |
Silica glass | 68–74 | |
Soda-lime glass | 68–72 | |
Porous | Brick | 15–30 |
Concrete, typical | 15–25 | |
Stone | 20–60 | |
Technical | Alumina | 215–413 |
Aluminum nitride | 302–348 | |
Boron carbide | 400–472 | |
Silicon | 140–155 | |
Silicon carbide | 300–460 | |
Silicon nitride | 280–310 | |
Tungsten carbide | 600–720 | |
Composites | ||
Metal | Aluminum/silicon carbide | 81–100 |
Polymer | CFRP | 69–150 |
GFRP | 15–28 | |
Natural | ||
Bamboo | 15–20 | |
Cork | 0.013–0.05 | |
Leather | 0.1–0.5 | |
Wood, typical (longitudinal) | 6–20 | |
Wood, typical (transverse) | 0.5–3 | |
Polymers | ||
Elastomer | Butyl rubber | 0.001–0.002 |
EVA | 0.01–0.04 | |
Isoprene (IR) | 0.0014–0.004 | |
Natural rubber (NR) | 0.0015–0.0025 | |
Neoprene (CR) | 0.0007–0.002 | |
Polyurethane elastomers (elPU) | 0.002–0.003 | |
Silicone elastomers | 0.005–0.02 | |
Thermoplastic | ABS | 1.1–2.9 |
Cellulose polymers (CA) | 1.6–2 | |
Ionomer (I) | 0.2–0.424 | |
Nylons (PA) | 2.62–3.2 | |
Polycarbonate (PC) | 2–2.44 | |
PEEK | 3.5–4.2 | |
Polyethylene (PE) | 0.621–0.896 | |
PET | 2.76–4.14 | |
Acrylic (PMMA) | 2.24–3.8 | |
Acetal (POM) | 2.5–5 | |
Polypropylene (PP) | 0.896–1.55 | |
Polystyrene (PS) | 2.28–3.34 | |
Polyurethane thermoplastics (tpPU) | 1.31–2.07 | |
PVC | 2.14–4.14 | |
Teflon (PTFE) | 0.4–0.552 | |
Thermoset | Epoxies | 2.35–3.075 |
Phenolics | 2.76–4.83 | |
Polyester | 2.07–4.41 | |
Polymer Foams | ||
Flexible polymer foam (VLD) | 0.0003–0.001 | |
Flexible polymer foam (LD) | 0.001–0.003 | |
Flexible polymer foam (MD) | 0.004–0.012 | |
Rigid polymer foam (LD) | 0.023–0.08 | |
Rigid polymer foam (MD) | 0.08–0.2 | |
Rigid polymer foam (HD) | 0.2–0.48 |
σy(MPa) | σts(MPa) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Metals | |||
Ferrous | Cast irons | 215–790 | 350–1000 |
High carbon steels | 400–1155 | 550–1640 | |
Medium carbon steels | 305–900 | 410–1200 | |
Low carbon steels | 250–395 | 345–580 | |
Low alloy steels | 400–1100 | 460–1200 | |
Stainless steels | 170–1000 | 480–2240 | |
Non-ferrous | Aluminum alloys | 30–500 | 58–550 |
Copper alloys | 30–500 | 100–550 | |
Lead alloys | 8–14 | 12–20 | |
Magnesium alloys | 70–400 | 185–475 | |
Nickel alloys | 70–1100 | 345–1200 | |
Titanium alloys | 250–1245 | 300–1625 | |
Zinc alloys | 80–450 | 135–520 | |
Ceramics | |||
Glasses | Borosilicate glass (*) | 264–384 | 22–32 |
Glass ceramic (*) | 750–2129 | 62–177 | |
Silica glass (*) | 1100–1600 | 45–155 | |
Soda-lime glass (*) | 360–420 | 31–35 | |
Porous | Brick (*) | 50–140 | 7–14 |
Concrete, typical (*) | 32–60 | 2–6 | |
Stone (*) | 34–248 | 5–17 | |
Technical | Alumina (*) | 690–5500 | 350–665 |
Aluminum nitride (*) | 1970–2700 | 197–270 | |
Boron carbide (*) | 2583–5687 | 350–560 | |
Silicon (*) | 3200–3460 | 160–180 | |
Silicon carbide (*) | 1000–5250 | 370–680 | |
Silicon nitride (*) | 524–5500 | 690–800 | |
Tungsten carbide (*) | 3347–6833 | 370–550 | |
Composites | |||
Metal | Aluminum/silicon carbide | 280–324 | 290–365 |
Polymer | CFRP | 550–1050 | 550–1050 |
GFRP | 110–192 | 138–241 | |
Natural | |||
Bamboo | 35–44 | 36–45 | |
Cork | 0.3–1.5 | 0.5–2.5 | |
Leather | 5–10 | 20–26 | |
Wood, typical (longitudinal) | 30–70 | 60–100 | |
Wood, typical (transverse) | 2–6 | 4–9 | |
Polymers | |||
Elastomer | Butyl rubber | 2–3 | 5–10 |
EVA | 12–18 | 16–20 | |
Isoprene (IR) | 20–25 | 20–25 | |
Natural rubber (NR) | 20–30 | 22–32 | |
Neoprene (CR) | 3.4–24 | 3.4–24 | |
Polyurethane elastomers (elPU) | 25–51 | 25–51 | |
Silicone elastomers | 2.4–5.5 | 2.4–5.5 | |
Thermoplastic | ABS | 18.5–51 | 27.6–55.2 |
Cellulose polymers (CA) | 25–45 | 25–50 | |
Ionomer (I) | 8.3–15.9 | 17.2–37.2 | |
Nylons (PA) | 50–94.8 | 90–165 | |
Polycarbonate (PC) | 59–70 | 60–72.4 | |
PEEK | 65–95 | 70–103 | |
Polyethylene (PE) | 17.9–29 | 20.7–44.8 | |
PET | 56.5–62.3 | 48.3–72.4 | |
Acrylic (PMMA) | 53.8–72.4 | 48.3–79.6 | |
Acetal (POM) | 48.6–72.4 | 60–89.6 | |
Polypropylene (PP) | 20.7–37.2 | 27.6–41.4 | |
Polystyrene (PS) | 28.7–56.2 | 35.9–56.5 | |
Polyurethane thermoplastics (tpPU) | 40–53.8 | 31–62 | |
PVC | 35.4–52.1 | 40.7–65.1 | |
Teflon (PTFE) | 15–25 | 20–30 | |
Thermoset | Epoxies | 36–71.7 | 45–89.6 |
Phenolics | 27.6–49.7 | 34.5–62.1 | |
Polyester | 33–40 | 41.4–89.6 | |
Polymer foams | |||
Flexible polymer foam (VLD) | 0.01–0.12 | 0.24–0.85 | |
Flexible polymer foam (LD) | 0.02–0.3 | 0.24–2.35 | |
Flexible polymer foam (MD) | 0.05–0.7 | 0.43–2.95 | |
Rigid polymer foam (LD) | 0.3–1.7 | 0.45–2.25 | |
Rigid polymer foam (MD) | 0.4–3.5 | 0.65–5.1 | |
Rigid polymer foam (HD) | 0.8–12 | 1.2–12.4 |
(*) NB: For ceramics, yield strength is replaced by compressive strength, which is more relevant in ceramic design. Note that ceramics are of the order of 10 times stronger in compression than in tension.
KIC(MPa√m) | ||
---|---|---|
Metals | ||
Ferrous | Cast irons | 22–54 |
High carbon steels | 27–92 | |
Medium carbon steels | 12–92 | |
Low carbon steels | 41–82 | |
Low alloy steels | 14–200 | |
Stainless steels | 62–280 | |
Nonferrous | Aluminum alloys | 22–35 |
Copper alloys | 30–90 | |
Lead alloys | 5–15 | |
Magnesium alloys | 12–18 | |
Nickel alloys | 80–110 | |
Titanium alloys | 14–120 | |
Zinc alloys | 10–100 | |
Ceramics | ||
Glasses | Borosilicate glass | 0.5–0.7 |
Glass ceramic | 1.4–1.7 | |
Silica glass | 0.6–0.8 | |
Soda-lime glass | 0.55–0.7 | |
Porous | Brick | 1–2 |
Concrete, typical | 0.35–0.45 | |
Stone | 0.7–1.5 | |
Technical | Alumina | 3.3–4.8 |
Aluminum nitride | 2.5–3.4 | |
Boron carbide | 2.5–3.5 | |
Silicon | 0.83–0.94 | |
Silicon carbide | 2.5–5 | |
Silicon nitride | 4–6 | |
Tungsten carbide | 2–3.8 | |
Composites | ||
Metal | Aluminum/silicon carbide | 15–24 |
Polymer | CFRP | 6.1–88 |
GFRP | 7–23 | |
Natural | ||
Bamboo | 5–7 | |
Cork | 0.05–0.1 | |
Leather | 3–5 | |
Wood, typical (longitudinal) | 5–9 | |
Wood, typical (transverse) | 0.5–0.8 | |
Polymers | ||
Elastomer | Butyl rubber | 0.07–0.1 |
EVA | 0.5–0.7 | |
Isoprene (IR) | 0.07–0.1 | |
Natural rubber (NR) | 0.15–0.25 | |
Neoprene (CR) | 0.1–0.3 | |
Polyurethane elastomers (elPU) | 0.2–0.4 | |
Silicone elastomers | 0.03–0.5 | |
Thermoplastic | ABS | 1.19–4.30 |
Cellulose polymers (CA) | 1–2.5 | |
Ionomer (I) | 1.14–3.43 | |
Nylons (PA) | 2.22–5.62 | |
Polycarbonate (PC) | 2.1–4.60 | |
PEEK | 2.73–4.30 | |
Polyethylene (PE) | 1.44–1.72 | |
PET | 4.5–5.5 | |
Acrylic (PMMA) | 0.7–1.6 | |
Acetal (POM) | 1.71–4.2 | |
Polypropylene (PP) | 3–4.5 | |
Polystyrene (PS) | 0.7–1.1 | |
Polyurethane thermoplastics (tpPU) | 1.84–4.97 | |
PVC | 1.46–5.12 | |
Teflon (PTFE) | 1.32–1.8 | |
Thermoset | Epoxies | 0.4–2.22 |
Phenolics | 0.79–1.21 | |
Polyester | 1.09–1.70 | |
Polymer foams | ||
Flexible polymer foam (VLD) | 0.005–0.02 | |
Flexible polymer foam (LD) | 0.015–0.05 | |
Flexible polymer foam (MD) | 0.03–0.09 | |
Rigid polymer foam (LD) | 0.002–0.02 | |
Rigid polymer foam (MD) | 0.007–0.049 | |
Rigid polymer foam (HD) | 0.024–0.091 |
Note: KIC is valid only for conditions under which linear elastic fracture mechanics apply (see Chapter 8). The plane-strain toughness, GIC, may be estimated from = EGIC/(1−v2) ≈ EGIC (as v2 ≈ 0.1).
λ(W/m.K) | α(10−6/C) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Metals | |||
Ferrous | Cast irons | 29–44 | 10–12.5 |
High carbon steels | 47–53 | 11–13.5 | |
Medium carbon steels | 45–55 | 10–14 | |
Low carbon steels | 49–54 | 11.5–13 | |
Low alloy steels | 34–55 | 10.5–13.5 | |
Stainless steels | 11–19 | 13–20 | |
Nonferrous | Aluminum alloys | 76–235 | 21–24 |
Copper alloys | 160–390 | 16.9–18 | |
Lead alloys | 22–36 | 18–32 | |
Magnesium alloys | 50–156 | 24.6–28 | |
Nickel alloys | 67–91 | 12–13.5 | |
Titanium alloys | 5–12 | 7.9–11 | |
Tungsten alloys | 100–142 | 4–5.6 | |
Zinc alloys | 100–135 | 23–28 | |
Ceramics | |||
Glasses | Borosilicate glass | 1–1.3 | 3.2–4.0 |
Glass ceramic | 1.3–2.5 | 1–5 | |
Silica glass | 1.4–1.5 | 0.55–0.75 | |
Soda-lime glass | 0.7–1.3 | 9.1–9.5 | |
Porous | Brick | 0.46–0.73 | 5–8 |
Concrete, typical | 0.8–2.4 | 6–13 | |
Stone | 5.4–6.0 | 3.7–6.3 | |
Technical | Alumina | 30–38.5 | 7–10.9 |
Aluminum nitride | 80–200 | 4.9–6.2 | |
Boron carbide | 40–90 | 3.2–3.4 | |
Silicon | 140–150 | 2.2–2.7 | |
Silicon carbide | 115–200 | 4.0–5.1 | |
Silicon nitride | 22–30 | 3.2–3.6 | |
Tungsten carbide | 55–88 | 5.2–7.1 | |
Composites | |||
Metal | Aluminum/silicon carbide | 180–160 | 15–23 |
Polymer | CFRP | 1.28–2.6 | 1–4 |
GFRP | 0.4–0.55 | 8.6–33 | |
Natural | |||
Bamboo | 0.1–0.18 | 2.6–10 | |
Cork | 0.035–0.048 | 130–230 | |
Leather | 0.15–0.17 | 40–50 | |
Wood, typical (longitudinal) | 0.31–0.38 | 2–11 | |
Wood, typical (transverse) | 0.15–0.19 | 32–42 | |
Polymers | |||
Elastomer | Butyl rubber | 0.08–0.1 | 120–300 |
EVA | 0.3–0.4 | 160–190 | |
Isoprene (IR) | 0.08–0.14 | 150–450 | |
Natural rubber (NR) | 0.1–0.14 | 150–450 | |
Neoprene (CR) | 0.08–0.14 | 575–610 | |
Polyurethane elastomers | 0.28–0.3 | 150–165 | |
Silicone elastomers | 0.3–1.0 | 250–300 | |
Thermoplastic | ABS | 0.19–0.34 | 84.6–234 |
Cellulose polymers (ca) | 0.13–0.3 | 150–300 | |
Ionomer (I) | 0.24–0.28 | 180–306 | |
Nylons (PA) | 0.23–0.25 | 144–150 | |
Polycarbonate (PC) | 0.19–0.22 | 120–137 | |
PEEK | 0.24–0.26 | 72–194 | |
Polyethylene (PE) | 0.40–0.44 | 126–198 | |
PET | 0.14–0.15 | 114–120 | |
Acrylic (PMMA) | 0.08–0.25 | 72–162 | |
Acetal (POM) | 0.22–0.35 | 76–201 | |
Polypropylene (PP) | 0.11–0.17 | 122–180 | |
Polystyrene (PS) | 0.12–0.12 | 90–153 | |
Polyurethane thermoplastics | 0.23–0.24 | 90–144 | |
PVC | 0.15–0.29 | 100–150 | |
Teflon (PTFE) | 0.24–0.26 | 126–216 | |
Thermoset | Epoxies | 0.18–0.5 | 58–117 |
Phenolics | 0.14–0.15 | 120–125 | |
Polyester | 0.28–0.3 | 99–180 | |
Polymer foams | |||
Flexible polymer foam (VLD) | 0.036–0.048 | 120–220 | |
Flexible polymer foam (LD) | 0.04–0.06 | 115–220 | |
Flexible polymer foam (MD) | 0.04–0.08 | 115–220 | |
Rigid polymer foam (LD) | 0.023–0.04 | 20–80 | |
Rigid polymer foam (MD) | 0.027–0.038 | 20–75 | |
Rigid polymer foam (HD) | 0.034–0.06 | 22–70 |
Resistivity (µohm.cm) | Dielectric constant | ||
---|---|---|---|
Metals | |||
Ferrous | Cast irons | 49–56 | — |
High carbon steels | 17–20 | — | |
Medium carbon steels | 15–22 | — | |
Low carbon steels | 15–20 | — | |
Low alloy steels | 15–35 | — | |
Stainless steels | 64–107 | — | |
Nonferrous | Aluminum alloys | 2.5–5.0 | — |
Copper alloys | 1.7–24 | — | |
Lead alloys | 15–22 | — | |
Magnesium alloys | 4.2–15 | — | |
Nickel alloys | 6–114 | — | |
Titanium alloys | 100–170 | — | |
Tungsten alloys | 10.2–14 | — | |
Zinc alloys | 5.4–7.2 | — | |
Ceramics | |||
Glasses | Borosilicate glass | 3 × 1021–3 × 1022 | 4.6–6.0 |
Glass ceramic | 2 × 1019–1 × 1021 | 5.3–6.2 | |
Silica glass | 1 × 1023–1 × 1027 | 3.7–3.9 | |
Soda-lime glass | 8 × 1017–8 × 1018 | 7.0–7.6 | |
Porous | Brick | 1 × 1014–3 × 1016 | 7.0–10 |
Concrete, typical | 1.8 × 1012–1.8 × 1013 | 8.0–12 | |
Stone | 1 × 108–1 × 1014 | 6.0–18 | |
Technical | Alumina | 1 × 1020–1 × 1022 | 6.5–6.8 |
Aluminum nitride | 1 × 1019–1 × 1021 | 8.3–9.3 | |
Boron carbide | 1 × 105–1 × 107 | 4.8–8.0 | |
Silicon | 1 × 106–1 × 1012 | 11–12 | |
Silicon carbide | 1 × 109–1 × 1012 | 6.3–9.0 | |
Silicon nitride | 1 × 1020–1 × 1021 | 7.9–8.1 | |
Tungsten carbide | 20–100 | — | |
Composites | |||
Metal | Aluminum/silicon carbide | 5–12 | — |
Polymer | CFRP | 1.7 × 105–1 × 106 | — |
GFRP | 1 × 1016–2 × 1022 | 4.2–5.2 | |
Natural | |||
Bamboo | 6 × 1013–7 × 1014 | 5–7 | |
Cork | 1 × 109–1 × 1011 | 6–8 | |
Leather | 1 × 108–1 × 1010 | 5–10 | |
Wood, typical (longitudinal) | 6 × 1013–2 × 1014 | 5–6 | |
Wood, typical (transverse) | 2 × 1014–7 × 1014 | 5–6 | |
Polymers | |||
Elastomer | Butyl rubber | 1 × 1015–1 × 1016 | 2.8–3.2 |
EVA | 3.2 × 1021–1 × 1022 | 2.9–3.0 | |
Isoprene (IR) | 1 × 1015–1 × 1016 | 2.5–3.0 | |
Natural rubber (NR) | 1 × 1015–1 × 1016 | 3.0–4.5 | |
Neoprene (CR) | 1 × 1019–1 × 1023 | 6.7–8.0 | |
Polyurethane elastomers | 1 × 1018–1 × 1022 | 5.0–9.0 | |
Silicone elastomers | 3 × 1019–1 × 1022 | 2.9–4.0 | |
Thermoplastic | ABS | 3 × 1021–3 × 1022 | 2.8–3.2 |
Cellulose polymers (ca) | 1 × 1017–4 × 1020 | 3.0–5.0 | |
Ionomer (I) | 3 × 1021–3 × 1022 | 2.2–2.4 | |
Nylons (PA) | 1.5 × 1019–1.1 × 1020 | 3.7–3.9 | |
Polycarbonate (PC) | 1 × 1020–1 × 1021 | 3.1–3.3 | |
PEEK | 3 × 1021–3 × 1022 | 3.1–3.3 | |
Polyethylene (PE) | 3 × 1022–3 × 1024 | 2.2–2.4 | |
PET | 3 × 1020–3 × 1021 | 3.5–3.7 | |
Acrylic (PMMA) | 3 × 1023–3 × 1024 | 3.2–3.4 | |
Acetal (POM) | 3 × 1020–3 × 1021 | 3.6–4.0 | |
Polypropylene (PP) | 3 × 1022–3 × 1023 | 2.1–2.3 | |
Polystyrene (PS) | 1 × 1025–1 × 1027 | 3.0–3.3 | |
Polyurethane thermoplastics | 3 × 1018–3 × 1019 | 6.6–7.1 | |
PVC | 1 × 1020–1 × 1022 | 3.1–4.4 | |
Teflon (PTFE) | 3 × 1023–3 × 1024 | 2.1–2.2 | |
Thermoset | Epoxies | 1 × 1020–6 × 1021 | 3.4–5.7 |
Phenolics | 3 × 1018–3 × 1019 | 4.0–6.0 | |
Polyester | 3 × 1018–3 × 1019 | 2.8–3.3 | |
Polymer foams | |||
Flexible polymer foam (VLD) | 1 × 1020–1 × 1023 | 1.1–1.15 | |
Flexible polymer foam (LD) | 1 × 1020–1 × 1023 | 1.15–1.2 | |
Flexible polymer foam (MD) | 1 × 1020–1 × 1023 | 1.2–1.3 | |
Rigid polymer foam (LD) | 1 × 1017–1 × 1021 | 1.04–1.1 | |
Rigid polymer foam (MD) | 3 × 1016–3 × 1020 | 1.1–1.19 | |
Rigid polymer foam (HD) | 1 × 1016–1 × 1020 | 1.2–1.45 |