Index

A

Abstraction layer (AL)

benefits, 430

definition, 443

IEEE 1905.1 addresses, 430

MAC address, 430

MoCA, 429

Access impedance

A–N phase, 74, 77

coupling mode, 70

cyclic variation, 65–66

equivalent electrical channel, 40–41

ESL, 64–65

HAP, 74–75

long-time behaviour, 65–66

measurement, 63–64

meter panel, building, 74, 76

shunt/parasitic series impedance, 64

single-phase coupling, 74, 77

three-phase coupling, 71

transformer, 73–74

VNA, 63

voltage/current-based approach, 70–71

Access intercell gateway (AIG), 383

Adaptive detection method

algorithm, 640–641

AND, MAJORITY/OR rule, 642

binary hypothesis test, 641–642

cooperative detection result, 642–643

detection approach, 640

effectiveness, 641

narrow-band interference, 639

noise floor, 639–640

power line noise level, 639

Adaptive modulation

BER, 240–241

demonstrator system, 667

detection algorithm, 241–243

HomePlugAV2 specification, 399

modulation order, 240

SNR, 239–241

threshold, 241–242

transfer function, 616

Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) model

block fading channels, 294

coherent vs. incoherent reception, 90, 296

MIMO PLC schemes, 235

pre-whitening approach, 93

Alamouti scheme

channel matrix, 208–210

received symbol vector, 208

SNR, 210

transmit symbol vector, 207–208

Analogue front end (AFE)

channel emulator, 576

HomePlug AV2 features, 393–394

QPSK, 262

Tx ports, 343

Analogue-to-digital converter (ADC), 412–413, 576, 584

Application protocol convergence (APC) function, 281, 307

Artificial mains network (AMN), 85, 174, 468, 615, 666–667

Attenuation, 27

domain, 381–382

house access point, 81–82

narrowband

characterisation, 59–61

measurement, 81–83

statistical evaluation

CM path, 127–128

cumulative probability, 125–126

frequency, 127

location size, 128

measurements, 125

median attenuation, 128–129

NWA, 124

outlets, 124–125, 127

SISO, 126

Attenuation domain (AD), 381–382

Authentication and key management (AKM), 282

Automatic meter reading (AMR), 625, 627

Autoregressive (AR) filtering, 23–24

B

Backbone derivation box (BDB), 559

Backoff procedure event counter (BPC), 375

Baseline approach, 387–388

BAT, see Bit allocation table (BAT)

Bell Labs Layered Space-Time (BLAST) scheme, 330–331

BER, see Bit error rate (BER); Bit error ratio

Bessel function, 587

Bit allocation table (BAT), 312–313, 342–343

Bit error rate (BER), 511–513, 594

Bit error ratio, 240–242

Bitrate maximisation

multicarrier system

analogue-to-digital conversion noise, 515–516

CDF, 517–519

power mask, 515–516

vs. precoding sequence length, 517

SNR, 515–516

multicast system, 517, 525–526

Block diagonalisation (BD)

MU scenario

equivalent noise, 537

goal of, 536

interference, 536

post-detection symbol, 535, 537

spatial streams, 536

precoding matrices, 545

spatial division duplex

channel estimation, 538

equalised symbol vector, 539

equivalent, 540

interference, 539

matrix operations, 539

transmitter and receiver, 538

Broadband power line (BPL), 81, 178, 380

Broadband (BB) technology, 4–6

coexistence, 264–265

description, 254–255

EMC regulation, 174

HomeGrid Forum, 258

HomePlug GreenPhy

application, 261

DBC, 263

features, 258–259

vs. HomePlug AV, 261–262

peak PHY rate, 261–262

routing and repeating functionality, 263

SLAC, 263

ToW, 263

IEEE 1901/ITU-T G.hn, 259–260

ITU-T G.hn LCP, 261

PHY layer, 258

semiconductor vendor, 258

C

Carrier sense medium access/collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) protocol, 173, 261, 277, 281, 284, 374, 386

CDF, see Cumulative distribution function (CDF)

Chaining-message authentication code (CCM) algorithm, 282

Channel capacity

adaptive modulation

BER, 240–241

detection algorithm, 241–243

modulation order, 240

SNR, 239–241

threshold, 241–242

frequency range, 235

noise covariance matrix, 234–235

PSD, 233–234

statistical analysis

C-CDF, 238

configurations, 236, 238

high coverage area, 239

noise correlation, 235

transmit power, 235–237

system simulation

Alamouti scheme, 245

BER, 242

C-CDF, 244

EBF, 245–248

mean values, 248

mercury water filling, 245

MMSE vs. ZF, 244–245

noise power, 242–244

parameter, 242–243

Tx/Rx port, 232–233

Channel emulation

CTF (see Channel transfer function (CTF))

emulator-based test platform, 593–594

NB-PLC, 576–577

OFDM system

BER result, 596, 598

device under test, 594–595

PLC systems, 576

Channel state information (CSI), 522–523

Channel transfer function (CTF), 595–596

channel matrix

characteristics, 154–155

Pearson correlation coefficient, 152–153

statistical model, 155

Tx ports, 153–154

couplers, 11–13

description, 143

digital filters, 585

direct and FFT convolution

bit and symbol synchronisation, 585

block convolution, 583

disadvantage, 584

FIR filter, 583

modules, 584–585

overlap-add method, 584

real-time applications, 585

transmit signal, 584

evaluation, 155–157

features, 142–143

frequency domain path loss

D1–S1 link, 149

multi-path characteristics, 148

parameter, 149–150

PDF vs. Weibull model, 150–151

Poisson process, 151

Tonello model, 148–149

frequency sampling method

Bessel function, 587

boundary, 588, 590

direct IFFT and filter kernel, 586

error reduction, 589–590

filter kernel, 587–588

filter length, 585, 591

iterative algorithm, 588–589

Kaiser window, 587

measurements, 143

median channel gain

channel matrix, 143–144

D1–S1 link, 144

normal distribution, 144–145

scatter plots, 145–148

parametric-deterministic model, 17

parametric-stochastic model, 17, 20–21

physical-deterministic model, 16

physical-stochastic model, 17, 20

short-term time variance

frequency responses, 592–593

impulse response, 592

linear interpolation, 592

SIM vs. MEA, 591

SISO link, 151–152

statistical evaluation

CM path, 127–128

cumulative probability, 125–126

frequency, 127

location size, 128

measurements, 125

median attenuation, 128–129

NWA, 124

outlets, 124–125, 127

SISO style, 126

test instrument, 11–13

TR (see Time reversal (TR))

verification, 591

Cognitive frequency exclusions

definition, 602–603

demonstrator system, 619–620

detect radio services

EN 50561-1, 614

frequency domain, 613

HF radio broadcast, 611–612

high-quality receiver, 611

PLC modems, 611, 613–614

reception factor, 612–613

signal ingress, 608, 612–613

EMC coordination, 622–623

notch requirements

checking approach, 614–615

subjective evaluation, 615

width/slopes notch, 615–616

OFDM system

adaptive modulation systems, 616–617

advantages, 616

carrier spacing and symbol duration, 618

channel measurement, 617–618

CTF, 618

disadvantages, 618

noise measurement, 617–618

SNR estimation, 616

transfer function, 616

PLC modem, 605

radio broadcast signal, 605–606

radio signal spectrum

fading effects, 606–607

HF radio stations, 605

measurements, setup, 607–608

recorded spectrum, 608–610

sensitivity, 610–611

shortwave radio broadcasting

frequency range, 603

HF radio broadcast, 603–604

permanent notching, 604

service description channel, 605

verification

ETSI plugtest, 620–621

frequency hopping, 620–621

prototype system, 620

SINPO assumption, 621–622

smart notching, 622

Coloured background noise, 58–59

Comité Européen de Normalisation Électrotechnique (CENELEC) bandplan, 293

Common-mode (CM) current, 7–9

Complementary cumulative distribution function (C-CDF)

EMI measurement, 194

OAF, 566

statistical analysis, 238

system simulation, 244

Control message data unit (CMDU), 430–431, 433

Coordinate rotation digital computer (CORDIC) algorithm, 656–657

Correlation-based modelling

field test system

channel coefficients, 93

frequency domain, 92–93

IFFT, 93

linear model, 93

signal quality, 91

structure, 91–92

time-domain characterisation approach, 90–91

VNA, 90

HomePlug alliance, 89–90

noise characterisation (see Noise characterisation)

simpler correlation model

covariance matrices, 103–104, 111

diagonal element, 105, 110–111

transmitter and receiver correlation matrices, 111

SISO channel model

frequency response, 94, 106

Gaussian distribution, 98, 106

RMS-DS vs. average channel gain, 99, 106

scale parameter vs. time instant, 98, 106

spatial correlation model

channel covariance matrices, 105, 109

dashed lines, 104, 107–108

eigenvector, 109–110

optimisation result, 108

statistical analysis

average attenuation vs. frequency, 94–95

CDF, 99–100

channel coefficient, 95–99

correlation factor, 99–100

RMS-DS vs. attenuation, 97–99

spatial correlation (see Spatial correlation, analysis)

time impulse/frequency response, 93–94

Coupling factor

radiation measurement, 190–191

statistical evaluation

biconical and loop antenna, 194–195

building location, 193–194

C-CDF, 194

delta- and T-style feeding, 192–193

feeding port, 191

magnetic vs. electric field, 194

Coupling loss, 40–41

CSMA/CA protocol, see Carrier sense medium access/collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) protocol

CTF, see Channel transfer function (CTF)

Cumulative distribution function (CDF)

channel correlation, 99–100

channel gain, 484–485

power allocation algorithm, 568–569

precoding bitrate gain, 517–518

reception method, 133–134

SNR, 222, 224

Cyclic redundancy checks (CRCs), 280, 363

D

Data link layer (DLL)

data-plane processing, 308–310

G.9902/G.hnem standard

APC function, 281

control, 281

medium access control, 280–281

security, 282

PRIME technology, 290–291

Demonstrator system

channel estimation output, 667–668

detection algorithm, 667, 669

field test, 671

implementation, 619–620

MATLAB application, 667–630

SISO transmission, 670–672

Differential binary phase shift keying (DBPSK), 595

Digital radio mondiale (DRM), 609–610

Digital sampling oscilloscope (DSO), 9, 14, 134

Distance vector approach, 388

Distributed bandwidth control (DBC), 263

Domestic access network

access impedance

A–N phase, 74, 77

coupling mode, 70

HAP, 74–75

meter panel, building, 74, 76

single-phase coupling, 74, 77

three-phase coupling, 71

transformer, 73–74

voltage/current-based approach, 70–71

attenuation, 81–83

LQI, 82–84

LV network topology, 71–72

noise

AC mains cycle, 74–75, 79

noise variance, standard deviation, 76, 78–79

power spectrum, 79–81

RMS detector, 78

transformer phase A, 74, 78

types, 74

SNR, CENELEC A band signal, 84–86

E

Eigenbeamforming (EBF)

Alamouti scheme, 244

diagonal matrix, 216

EMI measurement, 458

vs. spotbeamforming, 459, 461

SU-precoding, 545–546

transmit symbol vector, 215–216

unitary precoding and detection, 216–217

Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) regulation

asymmetrical parasitic capacitances, 175

BB technology, 174

CENELEC, 175–176

CISPR 22, 175–176

conducted emission, 174

creation, 171–173

CSMA/CA protocol, 173

feeding level

analogue receiver, 177

conversion factor, 177

digital receiver, 177

European, 179–180

JP limits, 179–181

PSD, 177–178

sample detector, 177

United States, 178–180

historical background, 169–171

LCL parameter, 174–175

NB technology, 173

PSD mask

HomePlug AV2 specification, 182

IEEE 1901 standard, 181–182

ITU-T G.hn group, 181

radiated emission, 174

Electromagnetic interference (EMI), 13, 414

AM radio reception, 195–196

description, 188–189

EBF and spotbeamforming, 459

EMI-friendly beamforming

electrical field, 464–465

outdoor antenna locations, 465–466

PLC modems, 464

precoding vector, 465

SNR gain, 467

FM radio reception, 196–197

k-factor, statistical evaluation

biconical and loop antenna, 194–195

building location, 193–194

C-CDF, 194

delta- and T-style feeding, 192–193

feeding port, 191

magnetic vs. electric field, 194

measurement and system setup, 458–459

properties

coupling factor, 468

k-factor vs. frequency, 470–471

L, N and PE precoding, 468–469

measurements, 468

PLC modem, 470

probe’s transfer impedance, 468

S11 parameter, 470

radiation, 189–191

assumptions, 464

beamforming matrices, 460

CDF, 461

k-factor, 462–463

MIMO and SISO, 461–462

spotbeamforming, 462

unitary precoding matrix, 460

EMC-friendly powerboost technique, 414–416

Energy-saving lamp (ESL), 64–65

Extensible authentication protocol–pre-shared key (EAP-PSK) method, 287–288

F

Federal Communications Commission (FCC) bandplan, 293–294

FFT-OFDM access system

access requirements, 381

BPL vs. NBPLC, 380

channel access management, 386–387

power management, 388–389

routing algorithm, 387–388

system architecture

access intercell gateway, 383

access subcell, 382–383

address stations, 383

attenuation domain, 381–382

cell affiliation, 384–385

cell management, 383–384

head end backup, 385

network architecture, 382–383

Field-programmable gate array (FPGA), 576

Forward error correction (FEC)

blocks, 277

codes, 310–311, 340

encoded bits, 205

PHY layer, 417–418

Frequency domain (FD)

CDF, 133–134

combined band, 132, 134

DSO, 134

EMI measurement, 188

measurement, 134–136

median noise PSD, 133–134

percentiles, 131–132

Rx port, 134

Frequency sampling method

Bessel function, 587

boundary, 588, 590

direct IFFT and filter kernel, 586

error reduction, 589–590

filter kernel, 587–588

filter length, 585, 591

iterative algorithm, 588–589

Kaiser window, 587

Frequency shift keying (FSK), 256, 272

G

General purpose interface bus (GPIB), 91

G.9902/G.hnem standard

application, 278

data link layer

APC function, 281

control, 281

medium access control, 280–281

security, 282

generic network architecture, 278

physical layer, 279–280

G.hn transceiver

AFE, 321, 343–344

bandplans, 305–306

BAT, 312–313, 342–343

bit generation and loading, 313–314, 340

constellation

mapping, 314–315

scrambling, 315

data scrambling, 310, 340

DLL, 308–310

FEC code, 310–311, 340

frames, 306–307

functional model, 338–340

OFDM (see Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM))

payload transmission (see Spatial multiplexing)

port mapping, 341–342

preamble generation, 315–316

protocol reference model, 307–308

PSD mask, 320

repetition encoding, 311–312

spatial stream parsing, 340

tone mapping, 312–313, 340

G3-PLC technology, 257–258

IPv6 adaptation sublayer, 285–286

LOADng, 286–287

medium access control sublayer, 284–285

physical layer, 282–284

security, 287–288

G.9904 system, see PRIME technology

H

Hardware feasibility study

artificial mains network, 666–667

channel estimation, 660–661

codebook search

codebook entry, 664–665

matrix quantisation, 662

optimum precoding matrix, 663

subcarriers, 662–663

unitary precoding matrix, 663–664

demonstrator system

channel estimation output, 667–668

detection algorithm, 667, 669

field test, 671

MATLAB application, 667–630

SISO transmission, 670–672

precoding matrix, 658–660

pseudoinverse (see Pseudoinverse)

SNR estimation, 661–662

system architecture

description, 646–647

physical layer parameter, 650

receiver (Rx), 647, 649

signal paths, 647–648

transmitter, 649–650

training symbol, 665–666

High-definition television (HDTV), 13

Higher layer entity (HLE), 360

High-pass filter (HPF), 189

HomePlug AV2

vs. HomePlug AV, 422–423

MAC layer, 394

delayed acknowledgement, 421

power save modes, 418–419

repeating and routing, 421–422

short delimiter, 420–421

physical layer (see Physical layer (PHY))

quality of service, 394

specification, 182, 422

system architecture

definition, 394–395

FC and payload encoder, 396

hybrid mode, 395

OFDM modulation, 395

HomePlug GreenPhy

application, 261

DBC, 263

features, 258–259

vs. HomePlug AV, 261–262

peak PHY rate, 261–262

routing and repeating functionality, 263

SLAC, 263

ToW, 263

House access point (HAP)

attenuation, 81–82

channel measurement, 72

magnitude and phase, 74–75

meter panel, building, 74, 76

noise variance, 78

noise waveform, 75, 79

power spectrum, 80

single-phase coupling, 74, 77

three-phase coupling, 83–84

Hybrid network

data coverage

residual Wi-Fi data rate, 450–451

SD and HDstreams, 450–451

stream rate requirements, 448–449

simulation parameters, 445–446

Wi-Fi coverage

house layout, 445–446

path loss, 447–448

UDP data rate, 447, 449

WinProp, 446

I

IEEE P1901.2 standard

FEC block, 277

harmonisation technology, 276–277

medium access control layer, 277–278

PAR, 276

physical layer, 277

IEEE 1901 standard

EMC regulation, 181–182

FFT-OFDM system (see FFT-OFDM access system)

FFT-PHY transmitter

channel interleaver, 368–369

frame control diversity, 368–369

IFFT, 365

implementation, 363

mapper, 365, 370–371

OFDM symbol, 371

PLCP layer, 363

PPDU, 365

ROBO modes, 370

RSC code, 366–368

scrambler, 365–366

segmentation procedure, 363–364

SYNCM symbol, 366

SYNCP symbol, 365–366

in-home architecture

functional layers, 359–360

higher layer entity, 360

PLCP, 360

system architecture, 360–361

wavelet OFDM, 362–363

in-home MAC

BSS formation, 372–374

BSS manager, 372

channel access mechanisms, 374

channel estimation, 376–377

CSMA channel access, 374–376

MAC data plane, 377–379

MPDU transmissions, 379–380

network topology and components, 372

TDMA channel access, 376

IEEE 1905.1 standard

abstraction layer, 431

addresses, 430

benefits, 430

MoCA, 429

architecture

CMDUs, 431, 433

devices interconnection, 431–432

LLC data units, 433

MPDUs, 431

CMDU transmission, 433

data model structure, 442–444

hybrid network (see Hybrid network)

information dissemination protocol, 439

link metric query, 439

receiver link metrics, 438

security setup methods

AP-autoconfiguration protocol, 442

NFCNK, 441–442

PBC, 440–441

types, 440

UCPK, 440

topology discovery protocol

abstraction layer, 433

802.1D/Q bridge, 435

global topology, 437–438

local topology, 436–437

notification message, 436

query/response messages, 435–436

TLVs, 434

trade-offs, 438

transmitter link metrics, 438

Impulsive noise, 22, 57–58

Infinite impulse response (IIR) filter, 15

Integrity check vector (ICV), 377–378

Interleave over AC cycle (IoAC), 280

Interleave over fragment (IoF), 280

International Telegraph Union, 170

Internet protocol television (IPTV), 3

Inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT), 93

Iterative null space-directed SVD (NuSVD), 543–544

ITU G.hn standard

architecture and topology, 304–305

benefits, 303

closed-loop transmit diversity, 327

domain, 323–324

HomeGrid forum, 304

MAC cycle

contention-free TxOP, 322

MAP, 321–322

shared TxOP, 322–323

mechanism, 325–326

open-loop transmit diversity, 327

PHY frame

design, 336–338

structure of, 334–336

received signal model, 326–327

requirements, 332

road implementation, 333–334

spatial multiplexing (see Spatial multiplexing)

TPM, 353–354

transceiver (see G.hn transceiver)

ITU-T G.hn group, 181

K

Kaiser window function, 587

Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT), 562

Kirchhoff’s law, 7–8

L

Lightweight On-demand Ad hoc Distance-vector Routing Protocol-next generation (LOADng), 286–287

Linear precoded orthogonal frequency division multiplex (LP-OFDM) system

2D-precoding

bitrate gain, 521–522

discrete bitrate, 520–521

multicarrier system (see Multicarrier system)

multicast system (see Multicast system)

Link layer discovery protocol (LLDP), 435

Link quality index (LQI), 82–84, 626–627

Longitudinal conversion loss (LCL) parameter, 174–175

Longitudinal coupler, 7

Loop detection, 388

Low-voltage (LV) access network

channel measurement, 72

high-riser building, 71

low-riser building, 72

scattered household, 72

Low-voltage distribution network (LVDN), 13–14, 188

M

MAC packet data unit (MPDU), 377–380

Main panel multi-sub-topology (MPM), 559

Main panel single sub-topology (MPS), 558

Maximum likelihood (ML) decoding, 210

Media access (MAC) cycle

contention-free TxOP, 322

MAP, 321–322

shared TxOP, 322–323

Media access plan (MAP), 321–322

Medium access control (MAC) layer

delayed acknowledgement, 421

power save modes, 418–419

repeating and routing, 421–422

short delimiter, 420–421

Medium-wave (MW) broadcast radio

adaptive detection method

algorithm, 640–641

AND, MAJORITY/OR rule, 642

binary hypothesis test, 641–642

cooperative detection result, 642–643

detection approach, 640

effectiveness, 641

narrow-band interference, 639

noise floor, 639–640

power line noise level, 639

AMR, 625

field trial, 636–638

LQI, 626–627

measurements

insertion loss, 629–630

parameters, 629–630

power grid topology, 629–630

test site 1, 628

test site 2, 628–629

power line access network, 628

radiation effect, 626–627

spectrum analyser

loop antenna measurement, 631–632

meter panels, 634–635

MP1, 633–634

MP2, 632–633

power value series, 636–637

radio stations, 632

Mercury water filling (MWF), 245

Metal-oxide varistors (MOV), 11

MIMO stream parser (MSP), 398

Minimum mean squared error (MMSE)

advantages, 221–222

detection algorithm, 223–224

SMX, 222

vs. ZF, 244–245

Multicarrier system

continuous bitrate

decorrelating detector, 503–504

optimum linear detector, 505–507

predistortion vs. equalisation, 504–505

discrete order constellation, 501–502

LP-OFDM, 497–498

OFDM, 495–497

optimum linear precoding, 498–500

power spectrum mask, 500–501

resource allocation

BER constraint, 511–513

bitrate maximisation (see Bitrate maximisation)

decorrelating detector, 508–510

design, 513–515

discrete version, 507–508

maximum peak power, 507

optimum linear detector, 510–511

power efficiency factor, 508

SNR gap, 502

Multicast system

bitrate maximisation, 517, 525–526

resource allocation

CSI, 522–523

equivalent channel, 523

heuristic solution, 524–525

linear precoding, 524

Rayleigh fading channel, 523

Multi-conductor transmission line (MTL) theory

characteristic impedance, 27–28

phase velocity, 28

physical-deterministic modelling, 16, 19–20

physical stochastic modelling, 20

propagation constant, 25–27

transfer function, 28–30

Multi-user (MU) MIMO

channel access methods, 532–533

mobile stations, 533

PLC network, 533

precoding techniques

adaptation, 534

BD (see Block diagonalisation (BD))

MOSDM (see Multi-user orthogonal space division multiplexing (MOSDM))

SU-precoding, 545–546

simulations

CDF, 548

SDD scenario, 549

SU-MIMO eigenbeamforming, 548

system parameters, 546–547

spatial multiplexing, 534

Multi-user orthogonal space division multiplexing (MOSDM)

co-channel interference, 541

definition, 540

inter-user interference, 542

jth user, 541

matrix notation, 540

NuSVD, 543–544

precoding matrix, 543

SDD, 544–545

singular value decomposition, 543

Multi-variate time series (MTS), 23–24, 156–157

N

Narrowband characterisation

access impedance, 63–66

channel attenuation, 59–61

low-voltage grid, topology of, 39–40

modelling, 40–42

noise (see Noise characterisation)

parameter measurement, 42–43

signal-to-noise ratio, 61–63

Narrowband interferer

estimation, 46–48

noise envelope, 50–51

waveforms, reconstruction, 48–50

Narrowband measurement, see Domestic access network

Narrowband (NB) technology, 380

CENELEC bandplan, 293

channel assumption, 293–295

channel emulation (see Channel emulation)

coexistence, 291–292

coherent vs. differential modulation, 295–296

definition, 275

description, 254–255

EMC regulation, 173

FCC bandplan, 293–294

FSK, 256, 272

G.9902/G.hnem (see G.9902/G.hnem standard)

G3-PLC, 257–258

IPv6 adaptation sublayer, 285–286

LOADng, 286–287

medium access control sublayer, 284–285

physical layer, 282–284

security, 287–288

IEEE P1901.2

EMC subgroup, 276–277

FEC block, 277

medium access control layer, 277–278

PAR, 276

physical layer, 277

ITU-T G.9955 and G.9956, 275–276

LonWorks, 255–256

mesh-under/route-over approach, 296–298

noise

characteristics, 22–23

emulation (see Noise emulation)

high-voltage (HV) lines, 4–5

in-vehicle PLC, 5–6

low-voltage (LV) lines, 4–5

medium-voltage (MV) lines, 4–5

STF, 6

OSI protocol, 272

PRIME, 256–257

convergence layer (CL), 288

data link layer, 290–291

physical layer, 289

reference model, 288

service nodes, 288

technical approach, 274

Network analyser (NWA), 9

calibration, 190

CTF/attenuation, 124

FD measurement, 188

radiation measurement, 189

Network membership key (NMK), 372–374

Noise characterisation

AWGN model, 43

coloured background noise, 58–59

correlation coefficient, 112–113

density and distribution function, 113

eigenspread analysis

channel correlation, 116–117

definition, 113–114

effects, 114–115

frequency dependence, 115

PDF, 116

SNR, 114

ETSI STF410 measurement, 111

frequency dependence, 113–114

impact of, 114, 117–120

impulsive noise, 57–58

long-term analysis, 45–46

mains cycle, 44–45

mean value and variance, 44

measurement set-up, 14–15

models, 23–24

narrowband interferer

estimation, 46–48

noise envelope, 50–51

waveforms, reconstruction, 48–50

noise energy, 45

PLC noise classification, 22

power spectral density, 44–45

power variation, 112

PSD, 23

SFN

band-pass FIR filter, 51–52

comparison, 53

frequency domain, 51–53

HF component, 56

noise level, 52–53

PFC circuit, 54–57

scaled mains voltage, 51–52

SMPS, 54–55

spectrogram, 51, 53

sweeping bandwidth, 54

transformer substation, 52–53

signal energy, 44–45

Noise emulation

chirp function

harmonic frequency, 579

instantaneous frequency, 579

SFN, 578

synthesised noise waveform, 579–580

impulsive noise

configiuration, 582

implementation, 581

parameters, 581

PSD, 580

sinusoidal waveform, 581

stochastic waveform, 580

switching, 580

narrowband interferer

features, 577

instantaneous frequency, 578

phase accumulator, 577–578

phase-to-amplitude converter, 577

OFDM system

BER result, 596, 598

device under test, 594–595

measured noise, 595, 597

STFT, 595

time-varying background, 582–583

Noise measurement

AC mains cycle, 74–75, 79

frequency domain

CDF, 133–134

combined band, 132, 134

DSO, 134

measurement, 134–136

median noise PSD, 133–134

percentiles, 131–132

MTS, 156–157

noise variance, standard deviation, 76, 78–79

power spectrum, 79–81

PSD, 160–163

RMS detector, 78

singular values and spatial correlation

attenuation vs. cumulative probability, 140

channel matrix H, 139

condition number, 141–142

second singular value, 140–141

second spatial stream, 140–141

transmitter (Tx), 138–139

unitary matrix, 139

zoom plot, 140–141

spectral resemblance, 157–158

time domain

median noise correlation, 138–139

statistical correlation, 138

structures, 136–138

transformer phase A, 74, 78

types, 74

VAR model, 136–138, 158–160

Notching technique, 291–292

O

OFDM, see Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)

Office environment, see Narrowband characterisation

Open systems interconnection (OSI) protocol, 272

Opportunistic amplify and forward (OAF)

power saving

CCDF, 568

optimal power allocation, 565

PSD constraint, 565

rate improvement, 564–565, 567–568

sub-channel k, 564

system model, 564

Opportunistic decode and forward (ODF)

delay-limited capacity, 560

direct transmission, 559

power allocation, 563–564

power saving

CDF, 568–569

equality constraint, 562

equivalent problems, 562

KKT conditions, 562–563

PSD constraint, 561

two-sub-topology networks, 569–570

rate improvement

CCDF, 566, 568

PSD constraint, 561

relay configuration, 566–567

transmission modes, 561

sub-channel k, 560

system model, 560

Opportunistic protocol

amplify and forward

power saving, 565, 568–570

rate improvement, 564–565, 567–568

sub-channel k, 564

system model, 564

decode and forward

delay-limited capacity, 560

direct transmission, 559

power allocation, 563–564

power saving, 561–562

rate improvement, 560–561, 566–567

SNR, 560

Ordered successive interference cancellation (OSIC), 651

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)

baseband bandplan, 316, 318

channel emulation

BER result, 596, 598

CTFs, 595–596

device under test, 594–595

cognitive frequency exclusions

adaptive modulation systems, 616–617

advantages, 616

carrier spacing and symbol duration, 618

channel measurement, 617–618

CTF, 618

disadvantages, 618

noise measurement, 617–618

SNR estimation, 616

transfer function, 616

correlation-based modelling, 91

cyclic shift, 343

functional model, 316

modulator/demodulator, 206–207

multicarrier system, 495–497

noise emulation

BER result, 596, 598

device under test, 594–595

measured noise, 595, 597

STFT, 595

parameters, 318–319

QAM, 206

receiver ports, 205–206

RMS-DS vs. channel gain, 319–320

structure of, 205, 316–317

subcarriers, 204–205

symbol period, 317–318

symbol rate, 317–318

synchronisation and channel estimation, 206

time-domain samples, 316–317

Outlet relay arrangement (ORA), 558

Outlet relay arrangement destination sub-topology (ORAD), 559

Outlet relay arrangement source sub-topology (ORAS), 559

P

PHY layer convergence protocol (PLCP), 360

Physical layer (PHY)

beamforming and quantisation, 401–402

channel transfer function, 406–407

constellations, 417

EMC-friendly power boost technique

CDF, 416

EMI statistics, 416

HomePlugAV2 specification, 413

IMC factor, 414–416

S₁₁ measurements, 414–415

statistical analysis, 414

transmit power, 417

forward error correction, 417–418

frequency band, 408

frequency modulation, 407

HomePlug AV2 specification, 408

line cycle synchronisation, 418

MIMO capabilities with beamforming

N_T×N_R MIMO, 397

SISO mode, 397

SVD, 398

three-wire configuration, 396–397

MSP, 398

noise PSD, 406–407

notching efficiency

FFT process, 408

five-carrier notch, 410

HomePlug AV2 specification, 410–411

notch’s depth and slopes, 411

OFDM spectrum, 410–411

OFDM symbols, 409–410

window functions, 408–409

power allocation

SISO and MIMO transmissions, 402

SNR estimation, 402–405

power back-off, 412–413

PPCs, 405

precoding

beamforming, 399

detection/equaliser algorithm, 398

MIMO blocks, 399

SISO and Alamouti, 400

V and P matrices, 399

precoding matrix, 405–406

time domain parameters, 417

Power factor correction (PFC) circuit, 54–57

Power line communication (PLC) channel

capacitive coupler

breakdown voltage, 10

coupling function protection, 9

leakage current, 9–10

over-voltage protection, 11

power line signal, 6–7

protection diodes, 10–11

RC time constant, 10

channel capacity (see Channel capacity)

characteristics, 15

correlation-based modelling (see Correlation-based modelling)

CTF measurement, 11–13

EMC regulation (see Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) regulation)

EMI measurement (see Electromagnetic interference (EMI))

frequency bands, 4–6

hardware feasibility study (see Hardware feasibility study)

inductive coupler

Biot–Savart law, 7

delta-style (D), 7, 9–10

isolation transformers/baluns, 9

Kirchhoff’s law, 7–8

power line input impedance, 8–9

power line signal, 6–7

Schuko-type plug, 9

SISO, 7

star-style (S), 7, 9–10

T-style (T), 7, 9–10

input impedance, 12–14

IPTV, 3

ITU G.hn standard (see ITU G.hn standard)

multicarrier system (see Multicarrier system)

multicast system (see Multicast system)

MW broadcast radio (see Medium-wave (MW) broadcast radio)

narrowband characterisation (see Narrowband characterisation)

narrowband measurement (see Domestic access network)

NB technology (see Narrowband (NB) technology)

noise

characteristics, 22–23

measurement set-up, 14–15

models, 23–24

parametric-deterministic model

advantages, 17

application, 19

channel and noise characterisation, 19

database, 17

features, 17–18

properties, 18–19

parametric-stochastic model

covariance matrix, 21

drawback, 17

features, 17–18

frequency function, 20–21

input ports, 20

mathematical expression, 17

properties, 18–19

SISO channel, 20

physical-deterministic model

description, 16

drawback, 16

features, 17–18

MTL theory, 19–20

properties, 18–19

S-parameters, 16

transmission line, electrical properties, 15–16

physical-stochastic model

advantages, 17

description, 16

deterministic algorithm, 17

effects, 17

features, 17–18

properties, 18–19

reflection measurement, 12–14

signal processing theory (see Signal processing theory)

smart grid/smart building application, 3

stochastic modelling (see Stochastic modelling)

system model

home network, 557–558

intercluster channels, 557

multi-sub-topology networks, 559

single-sub-topology networks, 558–559

time slot allocation, 556

two-hop relay network, 556

time reversal (see Time reversal (TR))

Power line intelligent metering evolution (PRIME), 86

Power management, 388–389

Power optimisation techniques

EMC-friendly power boost

CDF, 416

EMI statistics, 416

HomePlugAV2 specification, 413

IMC factor, 414–416

S₁₁ measurements, 414–415

statistical analysis, 414

transmit power, 417

power back-off, 412–413

Power spectral density (PSD), 160–163, 233–234, 320, 580

correlation-based modelling, 91–92

HomePlug AV2 specification, 182

IEEE 1901 standard, 181–182

ITU-T G.hn group, 181

Precoding pilot carriers(PPCs), 405

PRIME technology, 256–257

convergence layer (CL), 288

data link layer, 290–291

physical layer, 289

reference model, 288

service nodes, 288

Priority resolution signal (PRS), 375

Probability density function (PDF)

average attenuation vs. frequency, 95

correlation coefficient, 113

correlation factor, 100

eigenspread analysis, 116

Gaussian distribution, 96–97

spatial correlation model, 108–109

Weibull random variable, 96

Project authorisation request (PAR), 276

Pseudoinverse detection

detection algorithm, 651

fixed-point implementation, 651

hardware parameter, 657–658

inverse rotation, 657

inversion matrix, 650–651

OSIC, 651

QR decomposition, 652–654

vectoring

CORDIC algorithm, 656–657

rotation angles, 654–655

system architecture, 655–656

ZF detection, 648, 655, 657

Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM), 362

Push button configuration (PBC) setup method, 440–441

Q

Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), 206, 459

R

Radiation measurement, 189–191

Random derivation box (RDB), 558

Recursive systematic convolutional (RSC) code, 366–367

Reed–Solomon (RS) code, 277, 649–650

Relaying protocol

multi-carrier system parameters, 565–566

OAF

power saving, 565, 568

rate improvement, 564–565, 567–568

sub-channel k, 564

system model, 564

ODF (see Opportunistic decode and forward (ODF))

PLC system model

home network, 557–558

intercluster channels, 557

multi-sub-topology networks, 559

single-sub-topology networks, 558–559

time slot allocation, 556

two-hop relay network, 556

power allocation, 554

resource allocation, 554–555

statistical channel generator, 566

Residual current device (RCD), 9–10

Resource allocation

multicarrier system

BER constraint, 511–513

bitrate maximisation (see Bitrate maximisation)

decorrelating detector, 508–510

design, 513–515

discrete version, 507–508

maximum peak power, 507

optimum linear detector, 510–511

power efficiency factor, 508

multicast system

CSI, 522–523

equivalent channel, 523

heuristic solution, 524–525

linear precoding, 524

Rayleigh fading channel, 523

Root mean square delay spread (RMS-DS), 319–320

Root mean square error (RMSE), 158–161

Root mean square of the delay spread (RMS-DS), 97–99

S

Security setup methods

AP-autoconfiguration protocol, 442

NFCNK, 441–442

PBC, 440–441

types, 440

UCPK, 440

Short network identification (SNID), 383

Short-term Fourier transform (STFT), 595, 597

Signal level attenuation characterisation (SLAC), 263

Signal processing theory

channel matrix, 201–202

eigenmodes, decomposition in, 202–204

OFDM system

modulator/demodulator, 206–207

QAM, 206

receiver ports, 205–206

structure of, 205

subcarriers, 204–205

synchronisation and channel estimation, 206

SMX (see Spatial multiplexing (SMX))

space–time–frequency codes

Alamouti scheme, 206–210

full spatial diversity, 210

ML decoding, 210

spatial code rate, 210

Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)

adaptive modulation, 239–241

Alamouti scheme, 210

CDF, 222, 224

channel capacity, 239–241

cognitive frequency exclusions, 616

hardware feasibility study, 661–662

multicarrier system, 515–516

ODF, 560

power allocation, 402–405

Single-input single-output (SISO)

attenuation, 151–152

CTF modelling, 151–152

demonstrator system, 670–672

frequency response, 94, 106

Gaussian distribution, 98, 106

inductive coupler, 7

noise characteristics, 23

noise modelling, 23

parametric-stochastic approach, 20

physical-stochastic approach, 20

RMS-DS vs. average channel gain, 99, 106

scale parameter vs. time instant, 98, 106

Single-phase coupling

attenuation, 81–82

impedance, 71–74, 77

noise power spectrum, 79

Singular value decomposition (SVD), 328, 398, 543; see also Spatial correlation

Smart Grid home (SGH), 261

Source derivation box (SDB), 559

Spatial correlation

analysis

average power, 102

channel covariance matrix, 101–102

diagonal element, 102, 105

eigenvalues, 102, 104

field measurement, 101–103

channel matrix H, 139

condition number, 141–142

model

channel covariance matrices, 105, 109

dashed lines, 104, 107–108

eigenvector, 109–110

optimisation result, 108

probability and cumulative probability, 140

second singular value, 140–141

second spatial stream, 140–141

transmitter (Tx), 138–139

unitary matrix, 139

zoom plot, 140–141

Spatial division duplex (SDD), 534

channel estimation, 538

equalised symbol vector, 539

equivalent, 540

interference, 539

matrix operations, 539

transmitter and receiver, 538

Spatial multiplexing (SMX)

Alamouti scheme, 244

detection/equaliser algorithm

EBF, 215–217

linear equaliser, 212–213

non-linear equaliser, 213–215

power allocation, 217–219

equivalent channel matrix, 219

noise correlation, 219–220

with precoding, 211

channel capacity, 329–330

channel estimation, 350–351

channel feedback, 346–347

channel response matrix, 327–328

equivalent model, 328–329

modes, 348–349

orthogonal transformation, 328–329

port mapping, 349–350

power allocation, 349

precoding grouping, 347–348

quantisation angle, 347

SVD, 328

single spatial stream, 344–345

system simulation

CDF, 222, 224

mitigation techniques, 220–221

selection diversity, 225–226

SNR stream, 221–223

without precoding, 330–331, 351–352

ZF detection, 244–245

Specialist task force (STF), 6

Spectrum analyser

loop antenna measurement, 631–632

meter panels, 634–635

MP1, 633–634

MP2, 632–633

power value series, 636–637

radio stations, 632

Stochastic modelling

attenuation (see Attenuation)

CTF (see Channel transfer function (CTF))

noise (see Noise measurement)

reflection, 129–131

Swept-frequency noise (SFN)

band-pass FIR filter, 51–52

comparison, 53

frequency domain, 51–53

HF component, 56

noise level, 52–53

PFC circuit, 54–57

scaled mains voltage, 51–52

SMPS, 54–55

spectrogram, 51, 53

sweeping bandwidth, 54

transformer substation, 52–53

Switch mode power supply (SMPS), 54–55

T

Three-phase coupling

attenuation, 81–82

impedance, 71–74, 77

LQI, 83–84

noise power spectrum, 79

SNR, CENELEC A band signal, 84–85

Time domain (TD)

EMI measurement, 188

CDF, 484–485

effective mitigation, 486

OFDM system, 484

reduction, 484–485

median noise correlation, 138–139

statistical correlation, 138

structures, 136–138

Time on wire (ToW), 263

Time reversal (TR)

complementary goals, 474–475

experimental setup

calibration, 479

equipment, 478–479

measurement, 481

signal processing, 480–481

frequency domain measurements, 487–488

database, 487

statistical analysis, 487–488

LV/MV infrastructures, 473–474

preliminary results

channel attenuation, 482

CTF, 483

emission measurement, 484

f_min and f_max, ^482–483

HomePlug AV specification, 482

time domain measurements

CDF, 484–485

effective EMI mitigation, 486

EMI reduction, 484–485

OFDM system, 484

wireless transmission

channel state information, 476

CIR, 475

CTF, 477

frequency domain, 475–476

wire transmission, 477–478

Tone masking, 291–292

Topology discovery protocol

abstraction layer, 433

802.1D/Q bridge, 435

global topology, 437–438

local topology, 436–437

notification message, 436

query/response messages, 435–436

TLVs, 434

trade-offs, 438

Transversal probe, 7

Tx port mapping matrix (TPM), 353–354

U

Ultra narrowband (UNB) technology, 253–255

User-configured passphrase/key setup method (UCPK), 440

V

Vector autoregressive (VAR) model

MTS, 158–159

PSD, 160–163

RMSE dependence, 159–160

time domain

median noise correlation, 138–139

statistical correlation, 138

structures, 136–138

Vector network analyser (VNA), 63, 90

Very high-frequency (VHF) band, 195–196

W

Watt pulse communication (WPC), 254–255

Wave number, 27

Weibull random variable, 96

Z

Zero-forcing (ZF) detection

in hardware, 648, 657

inner cell structure, 655, 657

vs. MMSE, 244–245

rotation angle, 657