Index
A
acid-catalysed glycerol dehydration,
375–6
Acremonium cellulolyticus,
212
acrylated epoxidised soy oil (AESO),
755
active biopackaging,
854–5
adsorptive beads
removal of non-ionic impurities,
124–6
comparative study for removal of furfural and HMF from RW-EDI-treated corn stover,
125
affinity chromatography,
608
Agency for Renewable Resources,
512
spark-ignition engines,
407–17
dedicated alcohol engines,
414–15
pollutant emission, deposits and lubricant dilution,
415–17
volumetric energy density and stoichiometry,
408–10
alternative fuel consumption in the US road transport sector,
399
evolution of ethanol production by country since 2007,
400
renewable fuel volume requirements for RFS2,
401
algae-derived bioactive peptides,
605–6
alkyl branched fatty compounds,
589
Alternative Motor Fuels Act (AMFA),
402–3
Amazonian dark earth (ADE),
529
ammonia fibre expansion (AFEX),
132,
726
anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR),
484
anaerobic bio-reactors,
481–5
basic anaerobic digesters,
482
anaerobic digestion (AD),
108
biomethane and biohydrogen production via fermentation,
476–513
basic principles of biogas and hydrogen production,
477–81
biogas and hydrogen production and technological aspects,
481–92
methane production from different feedstocks,
492–507
anaerobic technology,
513
animal feed industry,
772
antinutritional factors (ANF),
774
antisense RNA (asRNA),
251
aqueous-phase reforming (APR),
629–30
arabinoxylan-based films,
828
Archer Daniels Midland (ADM),
722–3
autocondensation reactions,
744
automotive applications,
571
B
battery electric vehicle (BEV),
392–3
bench-top fermentations,
316
benchmarking enzymes
enzymatic conversion processes,
220–5
state of enzyme technology,
220–1
techno-economic modeling,
221–5
bio-based animal feed
demand for feed attributes and trends,
774–5
history of distilling co-products,
772–3
scale of bioethanol production,
773–4
types, properties and processing,
771–93
impact of process technology on co-product quality,
784–6
improving feedstocks, processes and yields,
786–9
bio-based chemicals
biorefining of carbohydrate conversion and utilisation,
624–51
chemical hydrolysis of cellulose to sugars,
629–35
routes to market for bio-based feedstocks,
646–50
types and properties of carbohydrate-based chemicals,
635–45
biorefining of lignin conversion and utilisation,
659–84
applications of lignin and lignin-based products,
672–84
emerging processes for lignin production,
668–72
structure and properties of lignin,
660–3
traditional processes for lignin production,
663,
666–8
biorefining of lipid and wax conversion and utilisation,
693–715
methods of extraction and analysis,
703–6
types and properties,
694–7
biorefining of protein conversion and utilisation,
721–32
alternative and novel feedstocks and production routes,
730–1
(bio)chemical conversion of amino acids to platform and specialty chemicals,
728–30
protein and amino acid sources derived from biofuel production,
722–4
protein isolation, hydrolysis and isolation of amino acid and chemical feedstocks,
724–8
life cycle of biorefinery vs conventional products,
79
sustainable carbohydrate sources,
625–9
biochemical and thermochemical routes for lignocellulose conversion,
627
conversion of lignocellulose to cellulose via fractionation,
628
structure of lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose contained within lignocellulose,
626
bio-based composites
biomass usage to produce building materials,
803–17
fibre types and isolation,
804–7
improving performance properties,
815–17
selection based on density,
810
filters and sorbents,
814
waferboard and flakeboard,
810–11
moisture, biological, ultraviolet and thermal properties,
814–15
bio-based feedstocks
challenges for process design,
647–50
liquid crystal templating route to form mesoporous silica and macro-mesoporous SBA-15,
648
challenges and opportunities for bio-based products,
646–7
bio-based films
processes for production,
822–4
basic scheme of steps of casting process to produce films,
823
schematic representation of an extruder,
824
bio-based nutraceuticals
carbohydrate-based nutraceuticals,
606–9
lipid-based nutraceuticals,
599–603
protein and peptide-based nutraceuticals,
604–6
bio-based products
challenges and opportunities,
646–7
near commercial and future commercial bio-based chemicals,
646
Bio-Methanol Chemie Nederland (BMCN),
722–3
deoxygenation by cracking,
173–4
hydrodeoxygenation,
174–5
bioactive biopackaging,
854–5
bioactive polysaccharides,
606–8
bioadhesives
types, processing and properties for wood and fibres,
736–65
carbohydrate adhesives,
751–2
mixed tanin-lignin adhesives,
749–50
unsaturated oil adhesives,
752–5
wood welding without adhesives,
755–62
biochar
SEM examination of surface of Terra Preta particle,
530
wood and bamboo soaking in pond at edge of rice paddy field,
531
effects of application to soil,
527–9
wood biochar extracted from soil,
528
larger-scale commercial production,
538–41
Black is Green pyrolysis kiln and Pro-natural kiln,
541
Energy Farmers Australia Pty Ltd portable pyrolyser,
542
Genesis continuous pyrolysis plant,
542
Sanli New Energy Company factory,
543
schematic of Pacific Pyrolysis unit,
540
markets and usages,
544–8
slow release fertiliser produced from minerals,
546
ovens, retorts and kilns,
532–8
production and application in soils,
525–50
appendix of IBI standardised product definition and product testing guidelines,
554–5
testing properties,
541–4
Japanese Standard courtesy of Japan Special Forest Product Promotion Association,
544
test Category B characteristics and criteria,
545
biochemical biorefineries
capacity costs for lignocellulosic ethanol biorefineries employing dilute acid,
45
capital costs for first generation ethanol biorefineries,
43
operating costs for first generation ethanol biorefineries,
43
operating costs for lignocellulosic ethanol biorefineries employing dilute acid,
45
biochemical catalysts,
225
biochemical conversion,
200–11
amino acids to platform and specialty chemicals,
728–30
glutamic acid for production of chemicals,
729
simultaneous production of styrene and acrylic acid,
730
basic unit process steps for conversion of biomass to product,
201
enzymatic hydrolysis and product fermentation,
206–11
consolidation bioprocessing (CBP),
210–11
hybrid hydrolysis and fermentation (HHF),
209–10
separate hydrolysis and fermentation,
208
simultaneous saccharification and fermentation,
208–9
process integration pretreatment and hydrolysis interface,
203–6
biodegradability,
biodegradable food packaging,
832
advantages and limitations,
461–5
cold flow properties and oxidative stability,
463–5
feedstock availability,
462–3
renewable diesel production methods,
441–65
feedstock quality issues,
458–61
renewable diesel production routes,
442–3
traditional and emerging feedstocks,
454–8
heterogeneous catalysts,
445–51
purification by adsorbents and resins,
453–4
supercritical processing,
452–3
transesterification of triacylglyceride,
444
ultrasonic processing,
451–2
bioelements isolation,
805
co-product process improvements,
787–9
biofuels production for 2008 to 2011,
774
bioethanol fuel-focused biorefineries
design options for biorefining process,
279–80
different types of ethanol biorefineries,
282–8
ethanol biorefineries,
261–3
process intensification and increasing dry-matter content,
280–2
world total ethanol production since 1975 together with two major fuel producers,
260
industrialisation and process development,
288–9
lessons from LCA studies,
292–3
transition of paper industries,
289,
292
lignocellulose to ethanol process,
263
composition of various lignocellulose feedstocks,
267–8
inhibitor tolerance,
276–8
pentose utilisation,
273–6
schematic process overview,
266
biofuel production,
725–6
evolution of biomass processing strategies featuring enzymatic hydrolysis,
241
protein and amino acid sources,
722–4
rest streams usage,
723–4
comparative environmental impacts breakdown for ethanol production,
77
GHG savings per hectare as a function of lignocellulosic crop yields,
76
biohydrogen
biomethane production via anaerobic digestion and fermentation,
476–513
basic principles of biogas and hydrogen production,
477–81
biogas and hydrogen production and technological aspects,
481–92
methane production from different feedstocks,
492–507
removal of biogas components based on biogas utilisation,
511
biological pretreatment,
491
components of packaging films and coatings,
822
basic and optional components,
822
application of typical conversion routes,
99
cycles of chemicals from biomass and oil,
process boundary considerations,
98
products as crosslinking agents for packaging materials,
844–9
phenolic compounds,
845–6
schematic representation of crosslinking of polymer chains,
845
products as film plasticisers,
842–4
mono- and disaccharides,
843–4
representative scheme of effect of plasticisers,
842
products as reinforcements for packaging materials,
849–53
cellulosic reinforcements,
849–52
chitin and chitosan nanostructures,
852–3
microscale to nanoscale,
849
starch nanoreinforcements,
852
micrograph of SBA-15 ordered mesoporous material,
160
usage for packaging films and coatings,
819–56
processes for producing bio-based films,
822–4
processes for producing edible coatings,
825–6
usage to produce bio-based composites and building materials,
803–17
fibre types and isolation,
804–7
improving performance properties,
815–17
biomass active enzymes,
213
biomass pretreatment
consolidated bioprocessing (CBP),
234–53
microorganisms, enzyme systems and bioenergetics,
245–9
plant biomass polymers,
236
process configurations for biofuel production,
235,
241–2
various physical pretreatment and effects on biomass structure,
237–40
biomass syngas shift,
181
biomethane
biohydrogen production via anaerobic digestion and fermentation,
476–513
basic principles of biogas and hydrogen production,
477–81
biogas and hydrogen production and technological aspects,
481–92
methane production from different feedstocks,
492–507
defining bio-processing and,
14–15
economic assessment,
36–47
bioproducts from biochemical biorefineries,
42–6
bioproducts from thermochemical biorefineries,
37–42
capital and operating costs,
46
environmental and sustainability assessment,
67–84
interaction between technology and environment,
71
life cycle assessment,
74–81
methodological foundations of technologies,
68–74
results from assessment of economic and social aspects,
81–3
enzymatic processes and enzyme development,
199–226
advantages and limitations of techniques,
225
benchmarking enzymes and enzymatic conversion processes,
220–5
biochemical conversion,
200–11
technology and techniques,
211–12
mixed feedstock source of chemicals, energy, fuels and materials,
11
planning. design and development,
92–101
design and synthesis,
94–7
engineering considerations on up-scaling and implementation,
97–101
information flow cascades,
96
initial feedstock and product considerations,
92–4
plant design, engineering and process optimisation,
89–108
optimising processes using process analysis,
106–7
technological processes,
13
types and product areas,
15–17
available biomass feedstocks,
16
thermochemical and biochemical processes,
17
upgrading biorefinery operations,
104–6
biomass feedstock production and logistics,
104–5
biomass pretreatment and conversion,
105–6
process energy output and consumption,
106
biorefining
bio-based chemicals of carbohydrate conversion and utilisation
chemical hydrolysis of cellulose to sugars,
629–35
routes to market for bio-based feedstocks,
646–50
sustainable carbohydrate sources,
625–9
types and properties of carbohydrate-based chemicals,
635–45
bio-based chemicals of lignin conversion and utilisation,
659–84
applications of lignin and lignin-based products,
672–84
emerging processes for lignin production,
668–72
structure and properties of lignin,
660–3
traditional processes for lignin production,
663,
666–8
bio-based chemicals of lipid and wax conversion and utilisation,
693–715
methods of extraction and analysis,
703–6
types and properties,
694–7
bio-based chemicals of protein conversion and utilisation,
721–32
alternative and novel feedstocks and production routes,
730–1
biochemical conversion of amino acids to platform ans specialty chemicals,
728–30
protein and amino acid sources derived from biofuel production,
722–4
protein isolation, hydrolysis and isolation of amino acid and chemical feedstocks,
724–8
carbohydrate-based nutraceuticals,
606–9
lipid-based nutraceuticals,
599–603
protein and peptide-based nutraceuticals,
604–6
catalytic process and catalyst development,
152–86
biomass products upgrading,
160–84
depolymerisation of biomass,
153–60
current and emerging separation technologies,
112–48
biofuels recovery by solvent extraction in ionic liquid assisted membrane contactor,
134–41
glycerin desalting as value added co-product from biodiesel production,
126–8
impurities removal from lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysate liquor for cellulosic sugars,
121–6
performance indices,
144–7
separation technologies,
114–21
solvent extraction and example of recovery of value added proteins from DSG,
130–4
succinic acid production,
128–30
trends for advanced biofuels,
141–4
biorefining process
separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) or simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF),
279–80
bovine milk proteins,
839
building materials
biomass usage to produce bio-based composites,
803–17
fibre types and isolation,
804–7
improving performance properties,
815–17
bulk delignification,
666
C
C5 sugars conversion
biphasic system for reactive ring opening of furfural to maleic acid,
643
oxidative ring opening of furfural to succinic acid,
643
C6 sugars conversion
biphasic system for reactive extraction during acid-catalysed fructose dehydration,
642
potential chemical feedstocks derived from 5-HMF,
639
proposed acid and base-catalysed pathways in dehydration of glucose,
640
carbohydrate active enzyme systems,
245–6
Carbohydrate-Active EnZYmes,
212–13
carbohydrate adhesives,
751–2
carbohydrate-based chemicals
biochemical conversion of carbohydrates,
635–8
conversion of C
6 sugars to 5-HMF,
639–42
conversion of C
5 sugars to furfural,
642–3
lactic acid synthesis,
644–5
levulinic acid production,
643–4
possible platform chemicals produced from biomass,
636
thermochemical conversion of carbohydrates,
638–9
carbohydrate-based nutraceuticals,
606–9
bioactive polysaccharides,
606–8
structure of lentinan,
607
extraction and purification of polysaccharides,
608
carbohydrate binding module (CBM),
213
carbohydrate conversion
bio-based chemicals from biorefining and utilisation,
624–51
chemical hydrolysis of cellulose to sugars,
629–35
routes to market for bio-based feedstocks,
646–50
sustainable carbohydrate sources,
625–9
types and properties of carbohydrate-based chemicals,
635–45
carbohydrate utilisation
bio-based chemicals from biorefining and carbohydrate conversion,
624–51
chemical hydrolysis of cellulose to sugars,
629–35
routes to market for bio-based feedstocks,
646–50
sustainable carbohydrate sources,
625–9
types and properties of carbohydrate-based chemicals,
635–45
biochemical conversion,
635–8
alternative routes to adipic acid from biomass or petroleum feedstocks,
637
selected acid catalysed or hydrogenation products of succinic acid,
638
thermochemical conversion,
638–9
major components formed via thermochemical processing of hemicellulose and cellulose,
639
carbon dioxide supercritical extraction,
704
cashew nut shell liquid,
754
cashew tree gum (CTG),
835
catalyst development
catalytic process in biorefining,
152–86
biomass products upgrading,
160–84
depolymerisation of biomass,
153–60
catalytic aerobic oxidation,
643
catalytic cracking,
181–2
catalytic process
catalyst development in biorefining,
152–86
biomass products upgrading,
160–84
depolymerisation of biomass,
153–60
cellobiosephosphorylase,
247
cellulolytic bacteria,
245
cellulolytic enzymes,
253
cellulose conversion
acidic ILs explored in cellulose hydrolysis,
634
common cations and anions usage,
632
disruption of hydrogen bonding network,
633
cellulosic biofuel producer tax credit (CBPTC),
49
cellulosic reinforcements,
849–52
cereal-based biorefineries
fuel ethanol production from wheat,
308–12
polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHB) production from wheat,
316,
318–20
succinic acid production from wheat,
312–16
utilisation of wheat straw,
320–2
wheat-based biorefineries,
304–7
valorisation of generic cereal-based waste streams,
325–6
valorisation of industrial cereal-based waste and by-product streams,
323–5
charge-based membrane separations,
117–19
chemi-mechanical forces,
850–1
chemical crosslinking,
844–5
chemical hydrolysis
reaction scheme for aqueous phase reforming of cellulose to alkanes,
630
cellulose conversion in ionic liquids,
631–5
heterogeneous catalysts for cellulose conversion to platform chemicals,
630–1
chemical oxygen demand (COD),
504
chemical precipitation,
503–4
chemical reaction system,
451
Chinese National Standardisation Technical Committee for Bamboo and Rattan,
542–3
Chlorella biomass,
93,
97
Chrysosporium lucknowense,
212
Cladosiphon okamuranus,
607
Clean Air Act Amendments,
398
clean-in-place (CIP),
116
Clostridium thermocellum,
212
coatings
biomass usage for packaging films,
819–56
crosslinking agents for packaging materials,
844–9
processes for producing bio-based films,
822–4
processes for producing edible coatings,
825–6
reinforcements for packaging materials,
849–53
cold filter plugging point (CFPP),
463
cold flow properties,
463–5
oxidative stability,
463–5
examples of cloud points of biodiesel from different feedstocks,
464
Common Agriculture Policy (CAP),
338
complex glycoside hydrolase systems,
246–7
structural representation of cellulosome as macromolecular enzyme complex,
248
compressed natural gas (CNG),
400
concrete release agents,
573
condensed distillers solubles (CDS),
782–3
condensed polyflavonoid tannins,
738–41
consolidated bioprocessing (CBP),
210–11,
282
process configurations for biofuel production,
235,
241–2
natural vs engineered CBP by differentiating unit operations,
244
microorganisms, enzyme systems and bioenergetics,
245–9
carbohydrate active enzyme systems,
245–6
complex glycoside hydrolase systems,
246–7
non-complex glycoside hydrolase systems,
246
ruminant or natural,
243–4
continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTRs),
481–3
conventional filtration,
115–16
conversion route divergence,
143
corporate average fuel economy (CAFE),
420
cost-benefit analysis (CBA),
70
cottonseed protein bioplastics (CBP),
713–14
crosslinking agents
chemical structure of cinnamaldehyde,
847
periodate oxidation of glucose residue in polysaccharide and Schiff’s reaction,
848
phenolic compounds,
845–6
crude glycerol phase,
366–7
cyclopropanated oils,
587
conversion of TAG oil by carbene insertion into double bond,
588
D
decorticating machine,
807
dedicated alcohol engines,
414–15
dedicated energy crops,
47
degree of polymerisation (DP),
203
deproteinated brown juice,
349
dialdehyde polysaccharides,
848
Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA),
597
dilute acid pretreatment,
205
Directive 2003/108/EC,
Directive (EC 1907/2006),
dissolved oxygen tension (DOT),
280
distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS),
772–3,
775–8
global production from 2002 to 2011,
776
nutritional value as feed ingredient,
775–7
nutritional content of wheat vs wheat DDGS vs maize DDGS,
777
usage globally in animal feed sectors,
778
variability in production,
777
distiller’s grains and solubles (DSG),
130–4
distinct conversion processes,
142
double-zero rapeseed oil,
454–5
dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS),
308,
722–3
drying technologies,
784–5
E
economic assessment,
36–47
edible coatings
processes for production,
825–6
basic steps to prepare and apply a coating to food surface,
825
emerging feedstocks,
456–8
emerging lignin products,
677–84
activated carbon and carbon black and carbon fibre,
677–80
physical properties of lignin and carbon black reinforces styrene-butadien copolymer rubber,
678
enzymatically treated lignins,
683–4
platform chemicals,
680–3
major thermochemical lignin conversion processes and potential products,
680
Emerging Sustainability Assessment Framework,
70
emission reduction units (ERU),
52
Emission Trading Scheme (ETS),
52
endo-1,4-β-glucanases,
216
estimation of electricity potential of various energy crops,
493
Energy Policy Act (2005),
49
engine management system (EMS),
418–19
engineered consolidated bioprocessing,
244
environmental impact assessment (EIA),
70
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),
60,
549
environmental risk assessment (ERA),
70
enzymatic conversion processes,
220–5
enzymatic dehydrogenation,
660–1
enzymatic processes
enzyme development in biorefining,
199–226
advantages and limitations of techniques,
225
benchmarking enzymes and enzymatic conversion processes,
220–5
biochemical conversion,
200–11
technology and techniques,
211–12
enzymatically treated lignins,
683–4
enzyme development
enzymatic processes in biorefining,
199–226
advantages and limitations of techniques,
225
benchmarking enzymes and enzymatic conversion processes,
220–5
biochemical conversion,
200–11
technology and techniques,
211–12
enzyme technology
novozymes achieved further 1.9-fold dose reduction during second DOE-funded project,
222
novozymes achieved sex-fold enzyme dose reduction during DOE-subcontract to NREL,
221
epoxidised soybean oil,
587–8
synthetic scheme of production,
586
estrolide lubricants technology,
586–7
ethanol biorefineries,
261–3
classification and availability of various lignocellulose sources,
264–5
conceptual picture of biorefinery showing main technology choices,
262
commodity chemicals potentially derived from lignocellulose feedstocks,
286–7
conceptual figure for C
5-driven bioethanol-based biorefinery,
284
conceptual figure for energy-driven bioethanol-based biorefinery,
283
conceptual figure for lignin-driven bioethanol-based biorefinery,
283
operational demonstration plants and commercial plants currently under construction,
285
European Bioethanol Fuel Association,
773
European Food Standards Agency (EFSA),
789
European Union (EU),
396–7
exhaust gas recirculation (EGR),
414–15
extended range electric vehicles (EREV),
392–3
extreme pressure (EP),
570
Exxon Valdez-sised spills,
564
F
fatty acid composition,
575–6
fatty acid methyl ester (FAME),
405,
707
feedstock availability,
462–3
feedstock variability,
141–2
fatty acid compositions of oils,
458
high content of free fatty acids,
458–9
impurities that affect product quality,
459–61
fatty acid compositions of common seed oils and animal fats,
456
biomethane and biohydrogen production via anaerobic digestion,
476–513
basic principles of biogas and hydrogen production,
477–81
biogas and hydrogen production and technological aspects,
481–92
methane production from different feedstocks,
492–507
fibre saturation point (FSP),
814–15
six general types of natural fibres,
806
fibres
bioadhesives types, processing and properties for wood,
736–65
carbohydrate adhesives,
751–2
mixed tanin-lignin adhesives,
749–50
unsaturated oil adhesives,
752–5
wood welding without adhesives,
755–62
chemical composition of some natural fibres,
808
mechanical properties of some natural fibres,
809
tensile and flexural properties of some natural fibres,
809
global inventory of biofibres,
805
film casting methods,
823
5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF),
639–40
flame ionisation detector (FID),
706
flash vaporisation,
122–3
representation of physical sensor system to detect concentration of ethanol,
420
representation of virtual sensor system to detect concentration of ethanol,
419
Food and Agriculture Organisation of United Nations (FAO),
325
Food and Drug Administration (FDA),
597
Food Safety Modernisation Act,
789
hydrogen production usage,
510
forage-based biorefineries
field to biorefinery and impact of herbage chemical composition,
340–7
green biorefinery products,
347–55
forage crop harvesting,
346
Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy,
830
free amino nitrogen (FAN),
310
free fatty acids (FFAs),
444
frictional wood welding systems,
758–62
high speed rotation dowel welding,
760–2
schematic example of frictional movement usage,
761
SEM image of interface of dowel welded to substrate,
762
well-welded dowel where two pieces joined by clamping during dowel insertion,
761
linear vibration welding,
758–60
examples of different butt joints obtained by endgrain welding of oak wood,
760
schematic example of frictional movement usage,
759
fuel ethanol production
integrated wheat-based fuel ethanol and arabinoxylan (AX) production process,
311
typical first generation process,
309
worldwide fuel ethanol production from 2006 to 2011,
308
Fuel Quality Directive (FQD),
393–4,
403
G
galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS),
609
galactomannan films,
828–9
γ-Valerolactone platform,
170–2
gas chromatography (GC),
706
gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS),
706
gassification
General Algebraic Modelling System (GAMS),
310
general separations platforms,
143
generally regarded as safe (GRAS),
273
generic cereal-based waste streams,
325–6
generic fermentation feedstock,
323–4
genetic engineering,
272–3
genetic modification potential,
792–3
microorganisms usage in biorefining,
793
Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius,
212
geographical information systems (GIS),
94
global industry analyst forecast,
564–5
global warming potential (GWP),
75,
80
glycerin desalting
value added co-product from biodiesel production,
126–8
different pathways for production of various useful chemicals,
127
reaction scheme of biodiesel,
126
removal efficiency for NaCl from simulated crude glycerin solution,
128
schematic desalting of crude glycerin stream using resin wafer-EDI,
127
composition and purification produced from biodiesel,
365–7
average composition of crude glycerin from Brazilian biodiesel plant,
366
dehydration to acrolein and acrylic acid,
375–6
oxidative dehydration,
376
glycerol to propanediols,
372–4
hydrogenolysis of glycerol over metal catalysts to afford 1,2 and 1,3 propanediols,
373
production of PTT from reaction of terephthalic acid and glycerol,
373
glycerol to propene,
374–5
possible mechanistic pathway for hydrogenolysis over Fe-Mo supported catalyst,
375
selective hydrogenolysis over Fe-Mo catalysts supported over activated carbon,
374
raw material for chemical industry,
372–9
other transformations,
378–9
transformation
main reactions involved in upgrading glycerol,
175
production of glycerol carbonate from carbon dioxide,
379
three different procedures for synthesis of glycerol carbonate,
379
glycerol byproduct-based biorefineries
applications of glycerol in fuel sector,
367–72
biotechnological pathway of ethanol production from glycerol,
368
esterification of glycerol with acetic anhydride,
371
free radical resonance structures showing electron delocalisation,
370
oxidation stability of soybean biodiesel with furfural/glycerol acetals,
371
production of solketal acetate,
372
reaction of glycerol with acetone and formaldehyde in presence of acid catalysts,
369
reaction of glycerol with anisaldehyde,
370
reaction of glycerol with ethanol in presence of acid catalysts,
369
composition and purification of glycerol produced from biodiesel,
365–7
glycerol as raw material for chemical industry,
372–9
transesterification of triglycerides to produce fatty acid methyl esters and glycerol,
365
steps of glycerol to acrolein,
177
glycerophospholipids (GPLs),
602–3
Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP),
597
grass-based biorefineries
field to biorefinery and impact of herbage chemical composition,
340–7
green biorefinery products,
347–55
GRASSA green biorefinery research project,
349
grassland
productivity and potential availability,
339
role and importance in Europe,
337–8
press-cake fraction,
352–4
potential applications for direct usage of separated press-cake fraction,
353
petro- to bio-refineries,
10–13
principles,
product substitution,
9–10
green plant chemical composition,
340–3
schematic representation of changes of grass with advancing maturity,
341
non-structural carbohydrates,
342