absolute temperature, 7
acentric factor, 254
acid, 704
acidity parameter, 421
activity, 428, 646, 667, 669, 739
coefficient, 413, 425, 428, 759
pressure dependence, 440
rational, 759
temperature dependence, 441
unsymmetric convention, 446
adiabat, 150
reaction temperature, 664, 813
adiabatic compressibility, 246, 249
aggregation
state, 25
Amagat’s law, 106
amino acid, 719
anode, 727
anti-solvent, 570
Antoine equation, 62, 342, 847
See also vapor pressure
apparent
basis, 699
mole fraction, 772
approach temperature, 100
athermal, 477
ATP, 734
auxiliary property, 227
azeotrope, xxi, 393, 394, 418, 442, 473, 616, 630
double, 432
barotropy, xxi
basicity parameter, 421
binary interaction parameter, 13, 468, 580, 582
binary vapor cycle, 211
binding polynomial, 733
binodal, xxi
biological systems, 119
blood, 453
boilup ratio, 101
Boltzmann’s constant, 9
bottoms, 101
bottoms product, 101
Boyle temperature, 292
bubble point
pressure, 371, 376, 413, 416, 417, 586, 594, 832, 835
temperature, 371, 378, 381, 500, 549, 835
buffer, 723
C-mole, 732
carbohydrate, 119
carboxylic acid, 627
carboxylic acid, ideal gas deviations, 424, 769
Carnahan-Starling, See equation of state
Carnot cycle, 96, 144, 158, 199
Carnot heat pump, 99
Carnot, Sadi, 96
cascade refrigeration or cascade vapor cycle, 211
cathode, 727
cell (battery), 727
chain rule, 231
Chao-Seader model, 447
charge-transfer complexes, 770
chemical potential, 398, 400, 427, 582, 739
ideal gas component, 402
Chemical Safety Board, 389
chemical-physical theory, 779
Clausius, Rudolf, 130, 131, 233
Clausius-Clapeyron equation, 62, 337, 338
closed system, 16
coefficient of performance, 99, 158
coefficient of thermal expansion, 236
cohesive energy density, 472
coke formation, 670
colligative property, 453, 695
combinatorial contribution, 132, 506
compressed liquid, 25, 54, 55, 60
compressibility
See also adiabatic compressibility, isothermal compressibility
compressibility factor, 253
multistage, 174
concentration gradient, 44
concurrent, 70
condenser, 70
configurational energy, 12, 132, 282
configurational entropy, 132
conjugate pairs, 228
consistency
constant molar overflow, 101
contraction/expansion work, 86
See also expansion/contraction work
control volume, 16
convenience property, 227
COP, 99
copolymer, 479
corresponding states, 253, 580
COSMO-RS, 520
countercurrent, 70
cricondenbar, 601
cricondentherm, 601
critical point, 24, 253, 261, 262, 270, 599, 602, 614, 824
cubic equation, 260
deaerator, 206
Debye, 142
Debye-Hückel, 741
degree of reduction, 731
degrees of freedom, 18, 30, 59, 241, 370
degrees of superheat, 25
delta notation, 53
density, 17
density functional theory, 521
departure function, 115, 301, 303
deviations from Henry’s law, 444
deviations from Raoult’s law, 394, 444
temperature, 371, 378, 381, 488, 833, 837
differentiation, 820
coefficient, 5
dispersion force, 10
distillate, 101
distillation column, 101
double interpolation, 27
downcomer, 102
Dulong and Petit, 59
economizer, 211
efficiency, xxi
thermal, 96
turbine and compressor, 164
Einstein solid model, 139, 240
electroneutrality, 704
electrostatic force, 9
elementary reaction, 671
endothermic, 112, 119, 427, 667
energy, 6
of fusion, 63
See also potential energy, kinetic energy, internal energy
energy balance, 39
closed-system, 48
complete, 56
hints, 74
reaction, 113
reactions, 664
steady-state, 51
energy equation, 283
engines, 214
excess, See enthalpy of mixing, excess enthalpy
of mixing, 105, 106, 107, 113, 427
of reaction (standard state), 112
of vaporization, 24, 62, 101, 846
See also latent heat
entity, electrolyte, 699
and heat capacity, 150, 229, 242
combinatorial, 512
configurational, 132
excess, See excess entropy
ideal gas mixture, 139
ideal solution, 139
macroscopic, 142
microscopic, 132
entropy balance, 153
hints, 185
Environmental Protection Agency, 386
enzyme, 719
EPA, 386
equal area rule, 357
equation of state, 18, 74, 235, 251, 347, 351, 353, 579
Benedict-Webb-Rubin, 260
Carnahan-Starling, 280, 294, 357
cubic solution, 263
HR-SAFT, 800
MCSL, 800
Peng-Robinson, 262, 266, 314, 316, 320, 347, 354, 357, 585, 587, 592, 594, 599, 601, 813
stable roots, 268
van der Waals, 261, 271, 280, 355, 591
virial, 258, 288, 313, 347, 580, 590, 813
equilibrium, 5
criteria
liquid-liquid, 540
Raoult’s law, 404
definition, 16
solid-liquid-vapor, 624
equilibrium constant, 646
ideal gases, 642
ESD, See equation of state
Euler’s reciprocity relation, 233
exact differential, 232
Excel, 813
excess
entropy, 440
properties, 426
exergy, 177
exergy, See availability
expander, 72
See also turbine
expansion rule, 231
expansion/contraction work, 40, 86
extent of reaction, 110
extractive distillation, 392, 490
extrapolation, linear, 29
FAD, 735
Faraday’s constant, 728
fat, 119
feedwater preheater, 205
Fenske equation, 393
first law of thermodynamics, 4, 39
flash, 371
adiabatic, 372
drum, 378
isothermal, 372, 378, 546, 596, 812, 834, 838
multicomponent, 381
flavin adenine dinucleotide, 735
Flory equation, 474, 491, 506, 510, 514
Flory-Huggins theory, 474, 491, 541
force
frictional, 86
from potential energy, 8
formal concentration, 699
Fourier’s law, 157
free energies, 228
free volume, 475
friction, 43
friction factor, 68
fugacity, xxi, 268, 344, 400, 804
coefficient, 345, 425, 583, 585
component by EOS, 584
ideal gas component, 403
ideal gas pure, 347
liquid, 351
liquid component, 425
solid, 353
fundamental property relation, 226
gamma-phi method, 425
gas constant, 9
generalized correlation, 256, 323
excess, See excess Gibbs energy
of a mixture, 427
of fusion, 558
of reaction (standard state), 647
Gibbs phase rule, 18, 229, 370, 617
Gibbs, J.W., 178
Gibbs-Duhem equation, 439, 440, 755
Gibbs-Helmholtz relation, 441, 653, 746
global warming factor, 497
gradient
concentration, 44
pressure, 44
temperature, 44
velocity, 44
Grayson-Streed model, 447
group contributions, 511
hard-sphere fluid, 285
head space, 387
of formation (standard state), 112
of fusion, See latent heat, enthalpy of fusion
of reaction (standard state), 112
of vaporization, See latent heat, enthalpy of vaporization
sign convention, 53
heat capacity, 19, 57, 235, 244, 269, 843
heat convection, 17
heat engine, 157
See also Carnot cycle
heat radiation, 17
Helmholtz energy, 179, 228, 309, 584
Helmholtz energy of mixing, 105
Helmholtz, Hermann, 179
Henderson-Hasselbalch, 724
Henry’s law, 376, 443, 457, 535, 610, 740, 749
standard state, 759
heteroazeotrope, xxi, 550, 616, 630, 633
Hilsch vortex tube, 195
Hooke’s law, 139
human blood, 453
hydrate inhibitor, 603
hydration, 694
hydrogen bonding, 8, 466, 501, 533, 550, 603, 769
hydronium, 704
hydrophilic, 421
hydrophobic, 421
hydrophobic effect, 485
hypertonic, 453
ideal chemical theory, 776, 813
incompressible fluid, 24
induction forces, 10
inelastic collision, 44
infinite dilution, xxi, 434, 471
instability, 539
integration, 820
intensive, 17
ideal gas, 19
interpolation, 25
double, 27
ion pair, 704
ion pair chromatography, 704
irreversible, xxi, 43, 74, 86, 142
isenthalpic, xxi
isentropic efficiency, xxi
isobaric coefficient of thermal expansion, 236
isochoric, 274
isoelectric point, 724
isopiestic, xxii
isopleth, 601
isopycnic, xxii
isosteric, xxii
compressibility, 236, 253, 824
isotonic, 453
IUPAC, 728
Joule-Thomson coefficient, 212, 236, 245
Joule-Thomson expansion, 68
Kamlet-Taft acidity/basicity, 421, 771
kinetic energy, 6, 22, 43, 66, 69
LLE, 545
modified Raoult’s law, 425
Raoult’s law, 376
shortcut, 376
SLE, 566
laws
See Raoult’s law, Henry’s law
See zeroth law, first law, second law, third law
Le Châtelier, Henry, 649
Le Châtelier’s principle, 649, 699
Lee-Kesler, See equation of state
Legendre transformation, 228, 244, 398, 745
leveling effect, 705
lever rule, 372, 543, 551, 571, 630
Lewis-Randall rule, 404, 443, 739
LFL, lower flammability limit, 389
linear extrapolation, 29
local composition, 501
Lorentz and Bertholet combining rule, 13
lost work, 15, 42, 137, 142, 164, 178
low pressure steam, 172
M, as a generic property, 31, 303, 398, 426
MAB, Margules acid-base model, 421
acid-base characterization, 421
one-parameter, 414, 484, 509, 542
two-parameter, 430
mass balance, 16
master equation, xxii
matrix, 817
maximum boiling azeotrope, 397
maximum pressure azeotrope, 394
Maxwell’s relations, 233
McCabe-Thiele analysis, 391
McMillan-Mayer framework, 450
mean ionic activity coefficients, 753
mean molality, 753
measurable properties, xxii, 229, 235
See also unstable, equation of state (stable roots)
micelle, 691
microstate, 132
minimum boiling azeotrope, 394
minimum pressure azeotrope, 397
differentiation, 588
molecular basis, 466
mixture
combining rule, 13
modified Raoult’s law, 412, 427
molal standard state, 759, 849
molality, 700
molecular asymmetry, 619
molecular simulation, 276
Mollier diagram, 166
monomer, 772
MOSCED, 480
mutual solubilities, 423, 540, 544
NAD, 735
Nernst equation, 728
Newton-Raphson, 265
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, 735
nominal, 699
normal boiling temperature, 61
NRTL model, 508
one-root region, 264
osmotic coefficient, 742
osmotic pressure, 449, 743, 755
osmotic virial coefficient, 451
overall
molar volume, enthalpy, etc., 31
mole fraction, 371
overall property, 31
overhead product, 101
oxidation, 727
oxidation state, 729
packing fraction, 273
packing, column, 102
parameter
cross, 467
parity plot, 578
partial molar
excess volume, 426
properties, 398
path properties, 46
PC-SAFT, See equation of state
Peng-Robinson, See equation of state
permutations, 135
pH, 701
phase behavior classes, 617
phase envelope, 23, 370, 601, 617
photosynthesis, 182
pI, 724
Pitzer correlation, 256, 323, 349
Plait point, 552
pMg, 736
polytropic, xxii
potential
hard sphere, 277
Lennard-Jones, 10
Sutherland, 10
potential energy, 6
Poynting correction, 350, 353, 425, 667, 669
Prausnitz-Shair, 447
preheater, 205
pressure, 20
bubble, See bubble-point pressure
dew, See dew-point pressure
equation, 283
gradient, 44
reference, 63
See also reference state
process simulators, 839
properties
convenience, 227
measurable, 229
protein engineering, 479
proton condition, 706
pseudoisomer, 736
purge gas, 387
P-x-y diagram, 370
quadratic equation, 817
quadratic mixing rule, 467
quadrupole, 8
Rackett equation, 351
radial distribution function, 284, 828
Rankine cycle, 200
Raoult, François-Marie, 376, 695
negative deviations, 394, 444, 781
positive deviations, 394, 444, 781
rdf, See radial distribution function
reaction
elementary, 671
reboiler, 101
reciprocity relation, Euler, 233
rectifying section, 101
Redlich-Kister activity coefficient model, 429
Redlich-Kwong, See equation of state, 325
redox reactions, 727
reduced, 254
pressure, See pressure, reduced
temperature, See temperature, reduced
reduction, 727
reference state, xxii, 6, 63, 112, 113, 314, 318, 652
reflux, 101
refrigerant choice, 210
refrigeration, 208
regular solution theory, 468
See also van Laar, Scatchard-Hildebrand theory
relative volatility, 392, 394, 456, 490
repulsive force, 10
reservoir, 17
residual contribution, 506
retrograde condensation, 601
reverse osmosis, 449
internally, 158
work, 41
roots
three- and one-root regions, 264
rules of thumb
plotting on logarithmic coordinates, 712
SAFT, See equation of state
salting in, out, 725
saturated
liquid, 23
steam, 24
saturation, 23
pressure, 23
temperature, 23
scalar, 20
Scatchard-Hildebrand, 471, 812
Schrödinger equation, 8
Scott, See equation of state
second law of thermodynamics, 4, 130, 131, 143
separation of variables, 75, 77
separatrices, 631
shortcut distillation calculation, 393, 442, 630
sign convention
heat and work, 53
mass balance, 16
work, 40
sink, 17
Soave, See equation of state
solubility product, 726
solvation, xxii, 521, 694, 767
speciation, 697
specific heat, xxii
split, 392
SSCED model, 482
stability check, 358
stable roots, 268
stage, separation, 102
standard conditions, xxii
standard hydrogen electrode, 728
standard state, xxii, 112, 425, 428, 645
Gibbs energy of reaction, 648
heat of formation, 112
heat of reaction, 111
Henry’s law, 759
state, 18
of aggregation, xxii, 25, 60, 63, 113, 318
property, 46
variable, 18
statistical thermodynamics, 59
energy balance, 51
steam properties, 811
steam trap, 92
Stirling’s approximation, 136
stoichiometric coefficient, 109
stoichiometric number, 109
stoichiometry, 109
STP, xxiii
strategy
problem-solving, 74, 165, 177, 179, 373
stripping section, 101
strong acid, 704
strong base, 704
strong electrolyte, 694
superficial basis, 699
surface fraction, 510
surfactant, 691
sweep gas, 387
system, 15
closed, 16
isolated, 16
open, 16
point, 713
absolute, 7
bubble, See bubble-point temperature
dew, See dew-point temperature
gradient, 44
See also reference state
state variable, 18
thermodynamic efficiency, xxiii
third law of thermodynamics, 33, 63, 728
three-root region, 264
ton of refrigeration capacity, 209
total condenser, 101
trays, 102
true concentrations, 699
true mole fraction, 772
multistage, 172
two-fluid theory, 504
T-x-y diagram, 370
UCST, 552
UFL, 390
UNIFAC, 500, 514, 529, 562, 812
unsteady-state, 74
unsymmetric convention
activity coefficients, 446
upper critical solution temperature, 550
upper flammability limit, 390
See also throttle
area, 511
equation, See equation of state
loop, 352
volume, 511
van Laar, 468, 470, 471, 474, 476, 812
van’t Hoff equation, 653
shortcut, 655
vapor pressure, 24, 62, 254, 342, 353, 357, 376, 400
See also Antoine equation
vector, 20
velocity gradient, 44
See equation of state, virial
viscosity, 43
viscous dissipation, 43
VOC, 387
volatile organic compounds, 387
voltage, 727
volume
saturated liquid, 351
van der Waals, 511
weak acid, 704
weak base, 704
weak electrolyte, 694
work, 15
expansion/contraction, 40
flow, 41
maximum, 164
minimum, 164
sign convention, 40
Z, compressibility factor, 253
zeroth law of thermodynamics, 7
zwitterion, 721